Freud And James Theoretical Positions Essay Example for Free

Freud And James Theoretical Positions EssaySigmund Freud and William James helped unveil a new zeitgeist in the burgeoning field of psychology. Freuds psychoanalysis and James functionalism would influence theorists and practitioners for decades, earning separately man a prominent place in psychologys history books. What are the cornerstones of these milestone theories of human behavior, and how do they compare?In regards to elemental human nature, James and Freud could not have been more divergent in their views. William James functionalism promoted a free will that carries us toward a final destination. A personal analysis that reflects ones own unique individual experiences was passing valued. Each event in our lives moves us through a ageless stream of different contexts and consciousness. Therefore, James did not focus so much on our good or evil natures, preferring instead to view our world as painted with a palette of varying shades of gray. Human beings cannot be di vided into convenient categories and labels, but rather exist as unique and manifold individuals. James pragmatic and functional mentality (we all have a purpose) leant him a slightly humanistic view in which most people distort toward a common good for the betterment of society. (James, 1983)In stark contrast, Sigmund Freud heralded a rather pessimistic view of human nature, emphasizing instincts as our natural drive and aggression or sex as our primary channels for those desires. Much of his psychoanalytic surmisal centers around the concept of a libidinous ida force deep within us and beyond our awareness which harbors all of our secret impulses and desires unfit for society. Most of our lives, our personality is spent in a dispute between the bad id and the good, law-abiding superego. We repress most of our negative feelings out of conscious awareness, but they still manifest themselves in the form of material unhealthiness and mental neurosis, just as the infamous Anna O . demonstrates. Also, Freuds proposed psychosexual stages of development further reveal his emphasis on instincts (primarily sexual) in molding everyone (Schultz Schultz, 2000).The emphasis on innate physical causes for behavior represented a strong departure from structural and empirical schools of thought, and both Freud and James brought this difference to the forefront, albeit in different forms. No mental modification ever occurs which is not accompanied or followed by a bodily change.The spiritualist and the associationist must both be cerebralists.Psychology is the allowance of inner to outer relations.The psychologist must be a nerve-physiologist..All of the preceding statements, taken from William James Principles of Psychology (1983), highlight an underlying theme in his theorythe body (most especially the brain) is a vital and essential component of mental life.Consciousness, he asserted, must be studied in its natural setting, and canvass of the conditions (the physic al components) of phenomena is crucial. He cited as proof of the brains importance how factors such as a blow to the head, drug use, or other sorts of brain suffering have the potential to almost complete reverse someones behavior and personality. In addition, his theory of habits also indicates his belief in the brains ability to mold lifelong behaviors. Also, James held that emotions were the direct result of physiological reactions to stimuli (Schultz Schultz, 2000).Despite his nativist assertions, however, James did appreciate that vital role environmental factors vie in human development. According to functionalist thought, the function of our consciousness is to freely adapt to our environment in order to survive. We accomplish this through choosing our paths. An active mind that filters, combines, selects, rejects, and generally weave(s) an endless carpet appealed to James. He prized the role of motivation in directing our attention. Far from being mere passersby on the h ighway of life, we are rather highly energetic and involved drivers paving our own indelible mark and fueled by free will (James, 1983). Freud shared James basic nativism. Freuds study of Anna O. demonstrates his certainty that the mind can exert a tremendous influence upon the body.The whole concept of neurosis states that physical bodily symptoms which have no plain physical origin are likely the result of defects or repressions within the mind (Schultz Schultz, 2000). Freud always remained very deterministic in his theories. All people are born with innate libidinous impulses. All people repress those instincts, resulting in various complexes. All people pass through the psychosexual stages of development, and the personality of everyone is fundamentally set by the age of seven. However, unlike William James, Freuds stance is rooted in a passive mind completely helpless to impulse. Perhaps this passivenessand lack of faith in the human conditionis the strongest contrast betwee n Sigmund Freud and William James. However, both men will continue to influence psychologists across the world for many another(prenominal) generations.ReferencesJames, W. (1983). The Principles of Psychology. Cambridge Harvard University Press.Schultz, D. P. Schultz, S. E. (2000). A History of Modern Psychology. Belmont WadsworthThomson Learning.

Static Code Analysis

Static Code AnalysisJim KieltTable of Contents (Jump to)1.0 Analysis1.1 Cross-Site Scripting 239 vulnerabilities detected.1.2 blame Manipulation 9 vulnerabilities detected.1.3 SQL crack 4 vulnerabilities detected.2.0 BibliographyTable of FiguresFigure 1 RIPS results output for bWAPPFigure 2 Line of economy from xss_json.php dangerous to Cross-Site Scripting detected by RIPSFigure 3 Returned message from xss_json.phpFigure 4 Returned message from xss_json.php with a script being passed to the practical finish.Figure 5 Returned message from secured xss_json.php with the script being passed to the industriousness.Figure 6 under attack(predicate) to File Manipulation scratch detected by RIPSFigure 7 Link to uploaded charge on unrestricted_ single read_upload.php showing row to uploadsFigure 8 move upload of a PDF file on unrestricted_file_upload.phpFigure 9 Vulnerable to SQL Injection legislation detected by RIPSFigure 10 Message from SQL Injection on sqli_3.php1. 0 AnalysisThe open source project for analysis for source code vulnerabilities is The Buggy Web App or bWAPP. This application is deliberately insecure to dish up security system experts and students of IT security learn about the vulnerabilities that exist on the Internet today, how they can be work and how they can then be secured. bWapp is a PHP application that makes use of a MySQL infobase. 1To analyse the source code for vulnerabilities, a static source code analysis tool is required. RIPS is such a tool which is scripted in PHP and designed to find vulnerabilities in PHP applications. It transforms the PHP source code that it is analysing into a programme model that can detect potenti aloney unsafe go bads or affectionate sinks that could then be tainted by user insert that causes vulnerabilities. 2So a potentially vulnerable function in source code that uses a source containing user input creates a vulnerability.bWAPP is available as a virtual machine called buzz-bo x where it can run as a stand-alone nett server on a lab/testing network. To analyse the buzz-box server, the RIPS application files need to be extracted to the buzz-box servers document root i.e. /var/ vane/rips/. Then on the host machines browser, navigate to http//localhost/rips to bring up the main scanning varlet. The path to the file or directory and/or subdirectories to be scanned is entered along with some available options before the scan button is clicked.The available options for scanning are as followsVerbosity level1. User tainted2. User, file and database tainted3. User, file and database tainted secured4. User, file and database untainted secured5. Debug modeVulnerability type either or one of the followingServer-side all or one of the followingCode Execution, Command Injection, Header Injection, File apocalypse, File Inclusion, File Manipulation, LDAP Injection, SQL Injection, XPath Injection, and some other.Client-side all or one of the followingCross-Site Script ing and HTTP Response SplittingUnserialized / take upFor the bWAPP analysys, /var/www/bWAPP was entered as the path with the subdirectories option checked. Verbosity level option 2 (User, file and database tainted) and vulnerability type option All was selected. later clicking the scan button, 198 files were scanned in the web directory and after just under a minute, the statistical output in prototype 1 was generated.According to RIPS, the scanner deeds by tokenizing and parsing all of the PHP source code in the file or directory structure and tranforms the code into a program model which detects sensitive sinks that can be tainted by user input, the source throughout execution of the program.At a glimpse it can be seen that Cross-Site Scripting has been heavely detected along with some of the other top vulnerablilties found in web apps today. Of the 198 files scanned, 4251 sensitive sinks (vulnerable functions) were found of which 293 could be tainted by user input and therefo re considered vulnerabilities.The three chosen vulnerabilites for futher analysis are as follows1.1 Cross-Site Scripting239 vulnerabilities detected.Cross-site scripting (XSS) is an injection attack where malicious scripts can be passed through user input on to the web application to create unwanted effects and generally performed through a client browser.An aggressor can use his browser to use XSS to execute a malicious script to another(prenominal) browser user visiting the same page and have the script display unintended info or perform an unintended action. Because the users browser has no course to know if the script should be trusted or not, it has no option but to execture the script. The script or tainted data becomes embedded into the HTML output by the application and rendered by the users browser which can lead to website defacement, phishing or cookie stealing and session hijacking.3A potentially vulnerable function like echo() which prints data to the screen that us es a source like $_GET containing user input can create Cross-Site Scripting vulnerability, e.g$title = $_GETtitleecho ($title)The supra code would display whatever the user enters and could therefore be exploited.To demonstrate the Cross-Site Scripting vulnerability in bWAPP, the focus is on the bWAPP/xss_json.php file/page. Figure 2 shows the code snipit where user input was found and marked by the scanner (white dots) as a potential en afflict point for exploitation. Line 34 of the program places uncurbed user input straight into a function which causes the vulnerablility.Figure 2 Line of code from xss_json.php vulnerable to Cross-Site Scripting detected by RIPSThis page was opened in a browser and was titled XSS-Reflected(JSON), displaying one textfield and a search button looking for the name of a movie to be entered. To test how this page works, Spiderman was entered utilise the Marvel hint ans submitted. The resulting message appeared below the textfield based on the input (see figure 3).Figure 3 Returned message from xss_json.phpSo the user input was displayed back in the output message which could mean that the input was probably unchecked.To test how the texfield responded to a simple script to display cookie information in an alert box, the following was entered and submittedalert(document.cookie)The message this time did not display the entered script statement but kinda tried to execute the script and displayed lines of the code from the page (see figure 4)Figure 4 Returned message from xss_json.php with a script being passed to the application.This message reveals information about the application that should never be dispayed and raises a security concern. A hacker could learn further how to exploit the application using this information.MitigationWe should never trust user data entered into an aplication which needs to be screened for the likes of scripting code. All entered data should be encoded before being embedded into the output. HTM L encoding converts untrusted user input into a safe format that can be employ as output instead of executing as code in the browser e.g Converts to amp. For PHP applications, HTML entity encoding is done via the html particularchars() function which convert all special characters to HTML entities.4 To encode any double or single quotation marks that could be interpreted by the application as code, the ENT_QUOTES disceptation is used to go on any injections and defining the correct charset prevents any special characters being used in the input e.g UTF-8 ASCII compatible multi-byte 8-bit Unicode.Line 34 shows the vulnerable code which was updated to incorporate the mitigation to make it secure.Vulnerable code$title = $_GETtitle check code$title = htmlspecialchars ($_GETtitle, ENT_QUOTES, utf-8)Once the code was secured, the same script code was entered and submitted and this time, the message showed the script statement in the message but this time treated it as a string and did not tackle to execute it (see figure 5)Figure 5 Returned message from secured xss_json.php with the script being passed to the application.1.2 File Manipulation9 vulnerabilities detected.File Manipulation can occur with wide Path Disclosure vulnerabilities where an attacker can see the path of a file in the url of a webapp, e.g. /var/www/htdocs/file. This gives the attacker a partial knowldege of how the application is structured or how the underlying operating system is arranged in order to mount different kinds of attacks. 5Knowing the location of a particular file, the attacker could access and manipulate it by adding malicious code to compromise the webapp server or even upload an attack tool to that location.A potentially vulnerable function like move_uploaded_file() that uses a source like $_FILES directly from user input (upload) can create File Manipulation, e.g.move_uploaded_file($_FILESfiletmp_name, images/ . $_FILESfilename)To demonstrate File Manipulation in bWAPP, t he bWAPP/unrestricted_file_upload.php page was examined. Figure 6 shows the vulnerable code where unchecked user input (the selected file for upload) is used by the application.Figure 6 Vulnerable to File Manipulation code detected by RIPSWhen the page was opened in the broswer, a Browse and Upload button were displayed where an image file could be uploaded to the server. A test image file was uploaded and the resulting message returned the link to where the file is stored on the server. The link was followed to a directory called imagesin the bWAPP directory. Navigating to the images directory brought up a list of all files in the that directory (see figure 7).A PDF file was then selected and successfully uploaded so no file type check was in place. Effectively these files could be manipulated as set forth above or malicious files uploaded and executed like a webscript that take control of the server.Figure 7 Link to uploaded file on unrestricted_file_upload.php showing path to uploadsMitigationSensitive information like file locations should not be visable to the user and any path or file names displayed should be encoded to prevent leakage of this information. This could be achieved by changing the path and filename to a format that the server understands like a hashing function. The move_uploaded_file function should have the file checked that the files being uploaded are image files before being uploaded to the images directory.Line 34 shows the vulnerable code which uploads any file to the images directly without being firstly checked. The preg_match() function can be used to check for particular file extensions, in this case images file types, in a new $filename variable. 6 A file check statement was added to the vulnerable code that checks for the file type and will now only execute the original code as long as the file has the correct extension using an if statement. Line 166 uses the $file_error variable to determine if the upload is successful or not which determines the output, so $file_error is firslty set to an unsuccessful attempt message by default which is cleared if the correct file extension executes.Vulnerable codemove_uploaded_file($_FILESfiletmp_name, images/ . $_FILESfilename)Secure code$filename = $_FILESfilename$file_error = Not an image file, try againif(preg_match(/.(gifpngjpg)$/, $filename))move_uploaded_file($_FILESfiletmp_name, images/ . $_FILESfilename)$file_error = Once the code was secure, another PDF file was browsed to and the Upload button clicked and this time because the file is now firstly checked for file type and because pdf in not in the array of allowable files, the upload function does not execute (see figure 8)Figure 8 Attempted upload of a PDF file on unrestricted_file_upload.php1.3 SQL Injection4 vulnerabilities detected.SQL Injection attacks happen when SQL queries are successfully injected through user input data into the application that can reveal information about the database to al low for further attacks where the database can be modified by the insertion, updating and deletion of data. 7 The user input is crafted in such a way that it is interpreted by the application as SQL commands allowing the attacker contol over the database in even the operating system itself.A potentially vulnerable function like mysql_query() that uses a source like $_POST containing user input can create SQL Injection e.g$login = $_POSTlogin$password = $_POSTpassword$sql = SELECT * FROM heroes WHERE login = . $login . AND password = . $password . $recordset = mysql_query($sql, $link)To demonstrate the SQL Injection in bWAPP, the bWAPP/ sqli_3.php page was examined. Figure 9 shows the vulnerable code where unchecked user input is used by the application.Figure 9 Vulnerable to SQL Injection code detected by RIPSWhen this webpage is loaded, it shows a login screen for superhero credentials requesting a login and password. A basic test for web applications for SQL Injection is the e ntering of the following command in place for the username and/or password or 1=1 The single quote is interpreted by the web application as a special character in SQL which allows for the additional condition to the SQL command 1=1 which is of course always true and the double hyphen is intrepreted by the web application as a comment which closes off the query. When the or 1=1 statement is entered into the login and password fields, a welcome note is displayed (see figure 10)Figure 10 Message from SQL Injection on sqli_3.phpThis shows that this web page is vulnerable to SQL Injection attacks which uses unchecked user input directly by the application which could be exploited in compromising the server.MitigationThe most successful defence against SQL injections is to never use user input directly in the application and to use parameterized queries (prepared statements) instead which is supported by most languages and to avoid using dynamic SQL queries or SQL queries with strin g concatenation. For PHP the mysql_real_escape_string() function can be used to escape special characters in a string for use in an SQL statement.Lines 137 and 137 of the code takes in the user inputs which are executed in the SQL statement in line 140 which is the vulnerable code really is. By implementing the mysql_real_escape_string() function into the code it will escape any special characters. 8Vulnerable code$sql = SELECT * FROM heroes WHERE login = . $login . AND password = . $password . Secure code$sql = SELECT * FROM heroes WHERE login = . mysql_real_escape_string($login) . AND password = . mysql_real_escape_string($password) . Once the code was secured, the or 1=1 statement was entered again into the login and password fields and this time instead of get the previous message as above, the invalid message displayed (see figure 11)Figure 11 Message after attempted SQL injection on secured sqli_3.php2.0 Bibliography1 itsecgames. 2015. itsecgames. ONLINE unattached at http//www.itsecgames.com/. Accessed 19 February 2015.2 RIPS free PHP security scanner using static code analysis. 2015. RIPS free PHP security scanner using static code analysis. ONLINE Available at http//rips-scanner.sourceforge.net/. Accessed 19 February 2015.3 Cross-site Scripting (XSS) OWASP. 2015. Cross-site Scripting (XSS) OWASP. ONLINE Available at https//www.owasp.org/index.php/XSS. Accessed 19 February 2015.4 PHP htmlspecialchars Manual . 2015. PHP htmlspecialchars Manual . ONLINE Available at http//php.net/manual/en/function.htmlspecialchars.php. Accessed 25 February 2015.5 Full Path Disclosure OWASP. 2015. Full Path Disclosure OWASP. ONLINE Available at https//www.owasp.org/index.php/Full_Path_Disclosure. Accessed 02 March 2015.6 PHP preg_match Manual . 2015. PHP preg_match Manual . ONLINE Available at http//php.net/manual/en/function.preg-match.php. Accessed 25 February 2015.7 SQL Injection OWASP. 2015. SQL Injection OWASP. ONLINE Available at https//www.o wasp.org/index.php/SQL_Injection. Accessed 19 February 2015.8 PHP mysql_real_escape_string Manual . 2015. PHP mysql_real_escape_string Manual . ONLINE Available at http//php.net/manual/en/function.mysql-real-escape-string.php. Accessed 25 March 2015.

The Dimensions Of Interprofesssional Practice Nursing Essay

The Dimensions Of Interprofesssional Practice Nursing EssayThis reflective Commentary bequeath focus on a patients discharge mean liaison drawn from my experience in attending a Multidisciplinary team Meeting (MDT) held at my Elective Placement (Cardiology Ward) in the context of the dimensions of Interprofesssional Working (IPW) I will preliminary define in the introduction IP working(a) recognize policies introduce patient scenario, find out the grammatical construction Model which I will use to evaluate and analyse the Dimensions of IPW.IPW refers to maestros with different training backgrounds (medical, surgical, counselling, psychotherapy, Occupational Therapist, physiotherapist) sharing common goals an objectives but who make a difference but complimentary persona to the given client group in order to provide holistic guardianship (Leathard, 2003).IPW has been foregrounded by the United Kingdom (UK) government in a series of policies which shaped and continue to shape the way services and professionals work interprofesssionally. In 1998 The Department of Health (DoH) (1998) encouraged joint working through integrated provision. In 1999 papers such as DoH (1999) re-enforced that the effective c atomic number 18 is the product of interagency working, promoting NHS to move towards interagency collaborative working or IPW in a shift from institutional to community-based accusation. The DoH (2000) a ten year programme of redevelopment practice to design and promotes a patient centered service and promote IP and holistic care. One of the areas the DOH (2000) considered needed improving was the older generation patient discharge. To combat this, standard two of The Single Assessment Process (SAP) and Intermediate care services (ICS) was introduced by the National Service Framework for Older People by DoH (2001a) and this required services and professionals to work together in a co-ordinated assessment of needs for patients. From this, House of Common s Health Committee (2002) cal take for a number of key budges, one of them being a named solicitude Manager to unionize all stages of the patient journey through hospital, up to and beyond discharge. And this coordination liaison could take the form of an MDT discharge planning confluence (DP).New ways of working break to be found that cross professional boundaries, in order to allow a more flexible approach to care delivery (DoH, 2002). To compass this, the Government introduced Interprofesssional Education (IPE) in pre-registered students modules and their aim was to integrate IPE into their curriculum, enabling students to develop transferable skills that will facilitate communication and collaboration in the future (Barr, et al., 2005). Rattay and Mehanna (2008) signify that as students should make an effort to attend MDT pull togetherings to develop IP.I have used pseudonyms throughout my reflective commentary, to protect confidentiality in accordance with the Data pr otection Act (1998) and the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2009). I will refer to the patient as surface-to-air missile.Sam is a 74 year old lady who lives alone(predicate) in a ground floor flat. Sam has no family living locally however her neighbour visits regularly. Sam suffers from Chronic Heart Failure (CHF). previous to admission Sam was fully independent at house cooping with her Activities of Daily living (ADLs) with slight difficulty due to breathing and poor balance (which Sam reported to suffering from for years). Sam was originally brought into hospital via accident and emergency by her neighbour as her breathing became progressively worse.There are numerous potential models of reflection. I will use Gibbs (1988) Model of Reflection (Appendix 1) as I find it more straightforward due to being depicted as a cycle, encouraging critical evaluation and analysis of the incident. Cyclical models are suggested by Ghaye (1998) to deepen awareness and increase knowledge an d skilfulness from repeated movements around them.Reflection will able me to learn from the experience and identify my learning needs in areas which solicit improvements (Allen, et al., 2008). As suggested by Price (2006) Reflection makes a linkup between theory, policies and practice required to develop evidence-based practice, professional and academic growth throughout my career chief(prenominal) in the development of lifelong learning (NMC (2009). interpretationThe MDT group meeting was held at the sisters office. The MDT consisted of a Ward Nurse (who was there intermittently due to staff aims), a Heart Failure Nurse Specialist (HFNS). Care Manager (Social Worker), Physiotherapist, Occupational Therapist, Doctor (Cardiologist Register) and myself. The meeting was led by the Doctor who gave an introductory overview of the Sams hearty situation and medical condition. The Doctor recommended that Sam was medically train for discharge with a referral for HFNS community visits, as further wellness education was necessary. The physiotherapist suggested Sam was re deducting confidence in her mobility but recommended further arousal to improve Sams balance and posture. The ward Nurse suggested Sams Nursing needs were stable and no input was required on discharged, upon this, I respectively argued that Sam discussed with myself primitively in the shift that she mat she was non coping at home and would feel more confident if she had minimal assistance with her ADLs at home. The Doctor re-directed the psyche to the HFNS, who re-directed the question to the Ward Nurse, both dismissing my input. At this point I respectfully assured the MDT that what I was advocating, it was also documented in Sam care plan. Subsequently, The HFNS put across Sams discharge planning to be discussed in a second meeting.. Following to this, The Occupational Therapist recommended she would liaise with Sam regarding any house equipment that would facilitate Sams ADLs. The social worker (Care manager) who would be coordinating all stages of Sams journey through hospital, up to and beyond discharge, organise contingent (i) care (ii) meals on wheels. The Doctor summarised the MDT plan and scheduled the meeting for 2 days to allow professionals to liaise with Sam in order to evaluate the discharge planning in partnership with Sam. Doctor was reluctant to reschedule and to change Sams expected day of discharge (EDD), it seemed. In the follow up MDT meeting, Sam was medically moderate for discharge, her it seemed, had improved, as had her slightly her confidence but she could shut away benefit from further rehabilitation therefore, Sam was referred to Intermediate Care Services (ICS) (Appendix 2) for further rehabilitation in the community, with out-patient medical follow up and HFNS home visits.FeelingsWhen I asked my Mentor to attend the MDT meeting, I was excited as I was going to be able to see how the IPW provides a positive outcome for the patients. Sli ghtly loathsome but ready to be a Patient advocate. Soon it dawned on me when I was introduced to other professionals and given opportunities to work with them and I felt slightly equivocal at the thought of having to expose myself to the criticisms of others. When Discussing Sams DP I commented on her behalf the feeling of slight insecurity was soon overpowered by a feeling of achievement as I was in a position to be her advocate appropriately and contribute in making a difference to her life for better. This feeling overpowered the shuttled foiling I felt when the Doctors dismissed initially my input but understandable due to my still pre-reg position, he needed reassurance as this input was going to change Sam EDD. As the meeting was lead by the Doctor I had inadvertently imposed a sense of pecking order upon the group. I soon felt that the hierarchy, even after the incident above, was not actually evident once a patient DP was being discussed as every professional was having a say and all professional seemed to understand distributively others responsibilities, roles and the documentation used involved all MDT input. I felt that through the discussions each professionals identify was gain and respect was given accordingly, although, I considered there was possibility of gaining a professional personality stereotypes and therefore ultimately a hierarchy may develop in future group meetings. By the end of it, I still felt slightly daunted to be in a MDT meeting working with professionals who knew so much (i) HFNS who developed their careers to a point of extreme knowledge, it overwhelmed me, that I am still just in the beginning of an extraordinary journey.EvaluationIn accordance to Holland, et al. (2005) and Gonseth, et al. (2004) Heart Failure Nurse Specialist (HFNS) input was fundamental as HF patients as Sam require close clinical attention and rise to manage their symptoms in order to remain in the community (James and Sarah, 2008). moreover, Blu e, at al. (2001) randomised controlled trial suggested that HFN have the ability to focus not only on the clinical needs of the patient, but the educational and supportive needs as well as establishing effective liaison between health and social care. Although HFNS is important in the provision of Sams Good Health in the community, without front line staff (i) ward defy to document appropriately and report to the appropriate professional and act as an advocate for patients in meeting such this, the provision of IP working and Safe Discharge Planning would be compromised (Atwal and Caldwel (2006).Record holding was to be commended as the Discharge planning Form (DPF) (Appendix 3) was filled in from admission and updated regularly by Sams Multidisciplinary team regarding assessment, planning, and implementation and evaluation goals specific to each professional to establish safe discharge. Effective record keeping is the key factor to effective care and continuation of care of Patie nt and a cannisteron of Conduct requirement for excellence practice and care (NMC, 2009).The Community Rehabilitation/Intermediate Care Services (ICS) Appendix 3. Referral was suggested appropriately in order to meet Sams needs, in accordance with the DoH (2001a, 2001b) agrees that ICS establishes IP working and avoids duplication, enhances communication and allows each team member to view and check the patient notes at all times. Furthermore Godfrey, et al, (2005) suggests that it enhances Holistic care. According to Leathard and Cook (2009) Sams care could be considered Holistic as her physical, psychological, sociological, spiritual needs were addressed, and Sams views were considered alongside any recommendations offered by all the different multi-disciplinary teams in a mutual participation in a shared decision-making partnership. With changes in Nhs such as patient-centred care (DoH, 1998), and the establishment of sophisticated holistic approach to health and social care, o ne of the key features of Sams patient centred care is the development andimplementation of integrated care pathways (ii) collaborative care plans such ICS, providing Sam with a tenaciousness of care.MDT meeting structure seemed to reflect The DoH (1998) in its drive for a initial class service as staff seemed to clear understands of how their own roles fit with others in both the health and social care professions. Although, Role Clarity was predominant and significant, the Status caused distress within the MDT it made some members feel their opinions are not as important as others (Robinson, et al., 2005). Furthermore, at certain points of the discussion the blurring of the boundaries of ones discipline Ward Nurse and (HFSN) (i) Doctor redirected the question about Sam to the HFSN first instead of the ward Nurse. I agree with Molyneux (2001) is a factor that may create a competitive atmosphere rather than a collaborative one. In addition to the group dynamics, the situation of S am needing care set up also highlighted the tension between professionals and in a sense organizational aims and resources. abstractThe DoH (2000, 2006) stressed the need for team working to helping rove the quality of care to patients and encourage role development to meet the demands of IP working. (i) Registered nurse specialists are expanding their roles and skills in numerous clinical areas (DoH 1999, 2006) due to patients diversity of needs in todays society (Furlong and Smith, 2005). According to DoH (2000, 2003) and the National Institute of Clinical excellency (NICE) (2003) Heart failure care and management is one of this areas which had an increase in nurse specialists (HFNS) in a broad evaluation by Patterden, et al., (2008) which showed that HFNS reduced (i) all-cause admissions by an average of 35 per cent an average saving of 1,826 per patient is gained after the costs of the nurse have been deducted. Furthermore, a systematic review by Holland, et al., (2005) argues t hat HFNS management of HF associated with (reducing readmissions, improving patients quality of life, Like Sam and reducing financial costs is more efficient compared with medical management. In outcome, Hewison (2004) and Abbot, et al., (2005) agreed that although the development of roles and increase flexibility is commonly a benefit to manyprofessions, it can be seen as a threat for their own interest and power status, generating a subway to IP collaborations. Moreover according to Molyneux (2001) a tribalism sense. This is normally the professional at the top of the hierarchy (i) as when the doctor was resistant to move the EED. Furthermore, as cold back as 1998 when (DoH, 1998) was published, Stapleton (1998) suggested that Collaborative working emphasis that demarcations and hierarchical relations between professions are neither sustainable nor appropriate. Although, in Sams MDT it was apparent in symmetry with Hean (2006) my preliminary feelings of hierarchy are common an d traditionally hierarchies place more power to the medical profession. The tension seemed in a way to be get the hang through the structured but open discussion regarding Sams needs which according to Freeth (2001) open discussion helps develop the team and recognise the benefits and the diversity and development of skills. Martin and Roger (2004) highlight that it is important to premise a clear understanding and appreciation not just for the roles but also for the pressures of other professionals (i) performance targets to meet.The Qualitative methodology questionnaire led interviews and focus group (18 cases studiers across Europe) by Coxon (2005) suggestion that IP working promotes job satisfaction, improved team working, good communication and enhance co-operation with other agencies, and identifies IP difficulties to be due to organizational boundaries and financial limits. Additionally, Hubbard and Themessi-Huber (2005) used the same method as Coxon (2005) although he ident ified that a main difficulty to IP is managers counselling on policies and changes of services arranging MDT meeting whilst front line staff, as ward nurses need to adapt to practicalities of the IP. Atwal, and Caldwell (2006) argues the importance of staff ratios as a obstacle to nurses developing IP practices, furthermore a look at carried by both with nineteen nurses in acute health care ward, it is spotted that in MDT meetings not all the professionals involved in the care of a patient are invited and that nurses did not regularly attend the meetings due to staff ratios. Another conclusion of this study is that nurses not always express their opinion for fear of being made a scapegoat, the result from the research show as well, that consultants and medical staff usually speak first and with more confidence on all matters. In divergence, Barrett and Keeping (2005) argues that collaborative working should minimise staff pressures from a ward level tocommunity (primary and seco ndary setting) but research done within this Era of IPW still shows that at a nursing level in a 2005 reexamine by RCN (2006) found that 49% of nurses left the NHS due to stress/workload problems. Horder (2004) and Pullon and Fry (2005) goes further to suggest to overcome the work pressure, shared decision making is the ultimate hallmark of partnership and this requires distribution of power or the empowerment of all involved within the multidisciplinary professionals in a manner that would equalize the hierarchy through (i) through IPE. It is essential that health and social care professionals realise the important of IPW as it has now been recognised that a single profession can no longer deliver the complex patient care that is demanded nowadays, a holistic approach is required (CAIPE, 2007). Rattay and Mehanna, (2008) suggest in summary that structured MDT meeting provides the discharge process with a structure that is organised professionally and timely, allowing patients to r eturn home earlier safely, consequently reducing the NHS cost, minimising the risk of hospital acquired infections, promoting independence and enabling patients to return back to their homes and community, like Sam. Lack of co-operation between agencies has led to a failure of service (Glasby, et al., 2004).Communication within the team is also an important issue to good collaborative working, developing ways to communicate and to work together is the key for successful IP working (Abbott, et al., 2005). The NMC (2004) advises that at the point of registration students should have the necessary skills to communicate effectively with colleagues and other departments to improve patient care. Cook, et al., (2004) identify that communication and decision making are very important for teams. Larking and Callaghan (2005) argue that teams who do not regularly hold meetings for policy making and resolutions of differences, should not be considered a team, these findings are also emphasized by Molyneux (2001) who states that communication is supported with periodic MDT meetings in order to evaluate and plan patient centred care delivery.ConclusionThis reflective commentary allows me to connect policies, NMC requirements, theory and practice. It provided me with the assurance that the dimensions of IPW is complex but possible in practice IPE exists. It highlighted that different professionals have to deal with their own perceptions and adapt to changes. There is no doubt that IPW promotes a better and more holistic care and the documentation in place promotes further patient-centered care. The MDT gave me the opportunity to work closely with other professionals and understanding further their roles. This will help me to effectively work together in the future.Action PlanI will allocate the Action Plans in my professional portfolio to demonstrate achievement in clinical practice cerebrate with theoretical knowledge. All my Action Plan are made SMART Specific, Measurabl e, Achievable, Realistic and Time (Drew and Bingham, 2004)1. Inter-Professional To develop an awareness of the roles and services provided in the inter-professional team and identify examples of how this is appropriate in delivering appropriate patient/client focused care. 2. Enhance my knowledge about decision-making processes within care management 3. Continue to reflect in and on Practice therefore to participate in further process of reflection to establish my own learning needs (Appendix 4).

The Information Technological Human Resources Management Techniques Commerce Essay

The info Technological Human Resources Management Techniques Commerce EssayThe entropy engineering science in piece resources worry action, leave behind be helpful for the re-definition and optimizing clement resources focal point exertion flow.This also raises the break awaying efficiency, improves the grade of service, and thus increasing the study and passe-partout human resources focusing platforms productivity. Certainly, in as much as information engineering has contributed to the growth of human resource commission, it is also master(prenominal) to highlight that human resource focussing will continually to grow in all ramification.But the information technology also to a certain(prenominal) extent steady developed certain function for the human resources.This investigate will analyze all aspect of the usage of technology in human resource management and how opportunities are unagitated thither to aid the advance of human resource.LITERATURE REVIEWUndersta nding of HRMDe Cenzo and Robbins (1996 p8) defined HRM as the part of the organization that is concerned with the people as a whole and renders support in all aspect to them. Sequel to this, is the definition given by Bratton and Gold (2003 p7), that HRM is the strategic approach to managing employment relations with accent to the capability of the employees so as to sustain competitive edge. Lastly, Alan Price (2004 p32) gave a rather accurate HRMs definition as that part of the organization responsible for recruiting capable, high-voltage and committed people, so as to manage and reward their efforts which will lead to competencies for the organization.The most cardinal part of the organization is human resource management. Having a human resource management is not rightful(prenominal) the event but having an trenchant one tat is able to align the organization goals into action is the most important thing. Finding revealed by Evan et al (2002) shows that human resource manag ement is a core part and addition of any organization because it is very important in the sustaining of business success. Cross (2000), shows that human resource management inter-connects all people in the management and development of the organization. Likewise, human resource management is the driving furiousness of the organization.According to the business dictionary, human resource management is defined as an administrative activity associated with planning, recruitment, selection motivation as well as underdeveloped people through work. (http//www.businessdictionary.com)Information technology on the other hand takes a proactive definition which looks at theToday, human resource management is nowadays faced by many problems which is fast making it less effective in many ways.PRESENCE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN HRMThe importance of technology cant be ignored wisely because of the many advantages it gives to employees as well as the general success it provides for human res ource management which equally translates to the overall organizational structure in a positive way. Information technology, by no doubt has helped to value the workforce as a relevant asset that defines the overall organizations culture and philosophy.The use of information technology in human resource management can be seen visibly in the mode and operation of human resource management. Today, the training and selection method is done via the use of information technology and this is fast making the overall exhibit more effective than ever as a whole. Jerman-Blazic, (1996) stated that the use of internet and information technology offers much quicker access to latest scientific and technological innovations of the companies and question institution. This particular true because human resource will continually pay attention to transformation of employees in the organization just as technology would be driving tool to accompany this objective. Acquiring and gathering fresh knowled ge whether supplementary or existing ones can only be attained via information that is technological in nature. Further to this, this researcher feels that information technology offer awareness and it is the driving force of changes as well. This observation can be seen by the research conducted by Lindstrom, Moberg Rapp (1997) which saysWith Internet and (more broadly) Information-and-Communications-Technology (ICT) development in the full swing for the last two decades, organizations have been provided with a whole range of new possibilities for playing work and structuring organizationIn another review, new technology may also be required for implementing a low cost strategy if the technology can improve efficiency (Mondy, Noe Premeaux 1999, p148).The adoption of information technology assists closely in the cost analysis of any intending project that the human resource is childbed since there are improved efficiency in all ramification. The process of human resource plannin g requires some level of technological application which will be incorporated into the overall strategic carrying out of the company. Mondy, Noe Premeaux (1999) also concluded that aligning information technology to human resource management supports the overall implementation of plan as well as conducting analysis.Likewise, in time and labor management, the use of information technology cant be ignored because it is advantageous. IT enables the gathering and application of employee time and work information. It enables the tracking of employee in a scientific way that allows for easy analysis. It also enable human resource managers or senior military force to know which employee is actually performing and the ones that are not performing and show improvement. Druckers work (2001) also added to this view by supporting that IT tracks employees performance.. It is a known fact that many organization differ in their approach to human resource planning and practices.E-HRM IN THE TODA Y ORGANIZATIONErnst finds that electronic human resource management (e-HRM) is a web-based tool to automate and support HR processes. The implementation of e-HRM is an opportunity to delegate the data entry to the employees. eHRM facilitates the usage of HR marketplaces (e-recruitment) and offers more self-service to the employees (http//www.thestep.gr)The pack to gather and have conceptual knowledge in this modern world is fast becoming a necessity and thus the adoption and use of information technology in human resource is no longer a new thing. When human resource and information technology are brought together, we see that there formulation leads to what we call e-HRM. A term used to denote the adoption of information technology in the human resource management department or policies.Information technology and human resource management is now known as e-HRM (Zhang Wang). IT has brought about revolution in organization through the adoption just as firms are now having corporate website which is now shifting the manual form of doing job to the computerized one such that mistake are eliminated to the minimal level. Consequently, the process of hiring new employees has been c planetary houseenging and quite tasking. Tim Knox, in his article entitled skilled strategies for hiring best employees suggests the use of information technology of hiring potential candidates to the job. The traditional view should be discarded and give way to the claims of Tim. Today, many companies through the human resource department are now employing employee through the Internet and other technological means. This is constituent to reduce the demanding circle of having to be so physically in all the process that requires attentions. Kanungos (2006) work can be used to support this argument as he labelled out that IT is so relevant and important also in the profit accumulation of the company. Knowledge management is very crucial and important for gathering knowledge that will b e useful in all ramifications and surfaces of the organization. Since human resource department works with all departments, there is a destiny to actualise that information technology is very essential and important as well.Likewise, recalling Jens et al (2010) work, one is able to see that HRIS and eHRM is used only at the professional and bureaucracy level. This view is thus misleading because not all human resource managements are operating at the bureaucracy level. Supporting this claim is the work of Mukama (2003). HRIS would only benefit the organization and has nothing to do with bureaucracy.CONCLUSIONInformation technology in human resource management plays a major section not only by the usage but also by the implementation and evaluation. It is a know fact that IT has helped to move human resource management forward to a level in which organizational activities are now less demanding and easy to use. There is now a pressing need to understand the role and use of informa tion technology in all aspect of the organization as well. This is because many literature reviews on this research topic pore on information technology in the overall organizational context while others centre on Human resource information system (HRIS) and e-HRM. The human resource management has more than enough functions and thus the use of information technology should applies researchers on this topic should bear this on their mind always.This research focused on all areas that information technology is making impact in the human resource management, however, there is still a need to further research on impact of IT in developing nation as it is obvious that are not adjusting fast to this trend.Word counts excluding references 1,589.BIBILIOGRAPHY REFERENCESDe Cenzo David A. and Robbins Stephen P. (1996) Human Resource Management fifth edn, John Wiley Sons Inc, CanadaBratton John and Gold Jeffrey (2003) Human Resource Management Theory and practices, 3rd edn, Palgrave Macmil lan, LondonAlan Price (2004) Human Resource Management in a Business Context, second edition, John Wiley Sons Inc, CanadaEvans, P, Pucik, V, and Barsoux, JL (2002)The Global Challenge. Frameworks forInternational Human Resource Management, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New YorkCross, E (2000) Managing Diversity-The Courage to Lead, Quorum Books, Westpoint, CT, USABusiness dictionary.com human resource managementhttp//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/human-resource-management-HRM.html. Accessed on 10th October 2010Jerman Blazic, B. (1996). Internet. Ljubljana Novi ForumLindstrom, J, Moberg A. Rapp B. (1997), On the classification of telework. European Journal of Information Systems 6, pp. 243-255.Mondy RW, Noe RM Premeaux SR(1999) Human resource management 7th edn Prentice hall international, USAKanungo, RP (2006) Cross culture and business practice are they coterminous or cross-verging?Cross Cultural Management An International Journal, 13 1, 23-31Drucker, P. (2001). The Essential Druc ker, Butterworh-Heinemann Oxford, UKZhang, Li1 Wang, Hong, thinking(a) information processing in human resource management an implementation case in China Blackwell Publishing Expert Systems, Volume 23, Number 5, November 2006 , pp. 356-369(14).Tim Knox expert strategies for hiring best employees Mamahttp//www.timknox.com/amazon. Accessed on 23rd October 2010Ernst Biesalski knowledge management and e-human resource managementhttp//www.thestep.gr/trainmor/dat/%7B0aa92187-62c6-4b0e-ad94-c71652d05db8%7D/article.pdf. Accessed on 24th October 2010Jens Kaasbll and Marlen Stacey Chawani, Gro Alice Hamre Jon Sandvand Competencies and Learning for Management, Information Systems Journal of Information, Information Technology, and Organizations Volume 5, 2010Mukama, F. (2003). A study of health information systems at local levels in Tanzania and Mozambique.Improving the use and management of information in health districts. Unpublished Master, University of Oslo, Oslo.

A Comparison of Practical and Principled Nonviolent Action Theories Ess

A Comparison of Practical and Principled Nonviolent Action Theories knowledgeablenessThe phrase nonviolent action brings to mind a wide variety of sometimes conflicting images. The image of a Chinese student at Tiananmen consecutive standing in the way of a tank was portrayed around the world, on with the stories of those who were shot and run over by those tanks. Indian participants pressed forrad undauntedly in columns and then in groups to the salt depot at Dharasana while being beaten back with clubs by police forces who were infuriated by the nonresistance of the people. soulfulness Danes sneaked onto the Nazi occupied airfields at night to sabotage their own planes to pr win over surfacet them from being used against the Allies and the Danish people. Polish workers during the Solidarity movement refused to vote even though it was illegal and succeeded in preventing the election of unwanted single ticket politicians. Though widely varied, these images all accurately represe nt nonviolent social change movements of the last century.Two theories have dominated the recorded history of the nonviolent social change movement as motivation for keeping the movements nonviolent realism and principle. A pragmatic approach has led to what is called practical nonviolent action--action based either on the lack of violent options or on the direct cogency of nonviolence. Action based on a theory of moral, ethical, or religious principles is known as principled nonviolent action. Both theories have motivated palmy campaigns and both have spawned actions in which the goals of the movement were not accomplished. A number of authors in recent years have carefully examined and articulated both theories along with the case studies of moveme... ... 1989.Douglas, James. Lightning East to West Jesus, Gandhi, and the nuclear age. current York Crossroad, 1983.Gandhi, Mahatma K. Satyagraha. Ahmedabad Navajivan Publishing House 1958.King, Mary. Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luthe r King Jr The Power of Nonviolent Action. Paris UNESCO Publishing, 1999. Powers, . Protest, Power and Change. Roberts, Adam. Civilian Resistance as National Defense. Schell, Orville. Children of Tiananmen. Rolling Stone. December 14-28, 1989 185-8+.Sharp, Gene. The Politics of Nonviolent Action volume 1. Boston P. Sargen, 1973. Touraine, Alain. Solidarity The Analysis of a Social Movement. New York Cambridge University Press, 1983.Walesa, Lech. A Way of Hope. New York H. Holt, 1987.Yi, Mu. Crisis at Tiananmen Reform and Reality in Modern China. San Francisco, CA China Books & Periodicals, c1989

Asymmetry In Facial Emotional :: essays research papers

Asymmetry in Facial Emotional Expression.Abstract search in the past has demonstrated that the right hemisphere of the brain is dominant in the perception and expression of emotion. As a result of crossing of the dying(p) system, the expectation was that the left locating of the depend would express emotion more intensely than the right. This was tested by using left and right composite faces, presentation them to participants, asking them to rate which of the two faces was more intense. The finding was that participants judges the left composites to be more hornyly intense than the right composites, therefrom supporting the guessing that there is asymmetry in the nervus facialis expression of emotion. This finding leads to the conclusion that the right hemisphere is dominant in the perception, expression and general procession of emotional information. Crossing over of the nervous system occurs at the decussation of the pyramids , this is a site just above the medulla-spina l cord junction at which the nerve fibres from both side of the brain cross over to the contralateral side of the body (Marieb, 1998). This means that the sensory information from the right side of the body goes to the contralateral side of the brain, in this case the left hemisphere, and vice versa. Due to this cross over, each hemisphere has motor control over the contralateral side of the body. The brains hemispheres are specialised in their functions, amongst others, the left hemisphere is dominant in language, mathematical reasoning and logical thinking. The right hemisphere is dominant in facial recognition, expression and spatial thinking. These findings that the different hemispheres are specialised in their function have come from experiments performed on those with damage to specific parts of the brain thus being able to isolate the particular damaged area and experiment upon this. Because the hemispheres are specialised in their functions, the psyhcologists in the past h ave developed theories on asymmetry in emotional perception and expression. It has been found from previous studies that the right hemisphere is dominant in facial recognition and expression. It has been proposed that the right side of the face is more openly expressive, while the left side of the face is private (Sackheim, Gur, 1978). Darwin first proposed the importance of expression as a form of communication that had survival of the fittest value for the human species (Atkinson, Atkinson, Smith, Bem, Nolen-Hoeksema, 1996). Later studies found that there were six distinct emotions that can be reliably recognised universally in the human face.

'Some Basics About Ceiling Fans and Their Installation'

' argon you meeting purchase a hot hood winnow for your star sign? When you take looking for at both(prenominal) in all of the options that you do easy to you, you king oddity up olfactory property rather overwhelmed at all of the prime(prenominal)s. virtually of us that be ciphering having a buff come ined truly dont substantiation to palpate of all of those options and the variety that they mess give away, depending upon which champion that you pick forbidden. discernment a most fundamental principle on the dot much or less the instalment and works temperament of these items, however, layabout go a fine-looking government agency in service of process you to choose iodine which provide be ameliorateive aspect for your alert space.One of the root amours that you digest to learn is the size of the board where the shoot a lines strike out is red ink to be raiseed. You in all case ingest to consider the gap that you le ad be place angiotensin-converting enzyme of these items outdoors. interior strike outs be not termination to be fitting to be utilise outdoors, so you necessitate to claim single that is rated for that tendency limitedally. It bequeath alleviate it to live up to any hold and let tidy sum the misadventure of sodding(a) problems occurring beca expenditure of surplusage moisture or new(prenominal) difficulties associated with photo to the elements.How uplifted gear is the detonator? If you pull in a actually high chapiter, you batch any install the sports winnow in truth mean to the cap itself or you washbasin demand an character so that it hangs run through impending to the documentation ara. If you countenance down a paltry detonator, you right ampley deprivation to be wide-awake about install a caramel that leave behind stick by in any case farawayaway down into the populate. slide fastener quite a hurts interchangeable viscous your gain up in the piece of cake and having your knucks raked with the blades of a roof buffer. They stick some(a) fans that argon procurable for this role that install very destination to the cap and result remark them up and out of devolve for the most part.Are you interested in get something particularized as far as the interior design is pertain? For example, if youre a sports fan, thither be some options that be accessible to you which you argon expiration to love. This is particularly straight for accredited sports, such(prenominal) as NASCAR, football and baseball. any of these create umteen a(prenominal) an new(prenominal)(prenominal) options that atomic number 18 useable to them and the themes send packing go particular proposition to your team or possibly salutary specific to the sport which you honor watching.One other thing that you tin consider is the assorted features that are outlet to be getable on the pileus fan it self. For example, could you use a runty catch more sporting in the room? If so, in that location are send kits that are visible(prenominal) on many crown fans that are soon on the market. You also have divergent styles, colors, way out of blades and so many distinct options that you are trustworthy to find wizard which is perfect for your reenforcement area. As ache as you make indisputable that it is not just now utilitarian exactly also convenient, you are sealed to be adroit with the choice that you make.Sandy Grimes is a big sports fan and a stupefy of two. She wrote this article and is a fan of sports ceiling fans, having just purchased a NASCAR ceiling fan for her familys keep room.If you regard to get a full essay, regulate it on our website:

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