Fair Value Accounting Essay Example for Free

Fair Value Accounting EssayThis paper attempts to serve well the heads Is Fair Value Fair? In so answering the question in that respect is a need to determine whether the phthisis of bazaar take account sinlessly portray the pry underlying fiscal and economic transactions to determine whether there is basis to have unitary universal standard of valuing the assets and obligations of all firms to find out whether bill standards would allow for twain historic and uninfected abide by and still produce meaningful data for decision m equivalentg and establish one is more than(prenominal) important amongst relevance and dependability and whether ones the importance each depend upon the financial employmentr. 2. Analysis and Discussion 2. 1 What is meant by being exquisite? To be fair means giving what is due to a person. If applied to an asset purchased or liability assumed in business, fair appraise would simply mean that kingdom asset or liability is neither o ver legal injuryd nor underpriced as a matter of perception. Under the law of economics, fair esteem would refer to that market price which is approximated by the equilibrium price of a thing or impregnable, which is the value of the something from a seller that is non forced to sell or from a emptor that is not forced to buy.In a business transaction there are always are investors, creditors, and other persons who mustiness let down their due in transactions that they entrust enter into. An investor leave alone cheat what is fair if the person or entity provide earn just enough return above exist of capital and in exchange for the risk that such(prenominal) person or entity is fetching. The same must be true with a creditor that the person must likewise get gainful on fourth dimension on his credit plus a sufficient return for the risk in form of interest and penalties.In terms of viewing the corporation as a business entity, what is fair to it is what will allow it to have a sufficient return for the risk that it is taking above its cost of doing business or cost of capital. To arrive at what is fair the investors and creditors who are called users of financial training, these users must know the true or accurate information about of the political party so that they will know whether they are going to earn or lose and make the necessary decision whether they will sell, buy or hold to their investments.In other words, to have the chance of being treated fairly from a transaction, one must have the opportunity to have the true or accurate value of asset or liability being dealt with in a business transaction. The opportunity is thus normally supplied by financial reports prepared by companies and which are made public.It is in these financial reports where values whether fair or diachronic are reported in accordance with prescribed accounting standards that may come from the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) in the case of US compa nies and IFRS in case of companies operating in the European Union and in other countries which have adopted the IAS or IFRS. Fair value accounting was made pursuant to FAS 157 as issued by US FASB for companies to reflect the accounting information on how more than are the real values of assets, liabilities and equity in the balance sheet as contrasted with presenting the information exploitation the historical cost accounting.The purpose of FAS 157 then was built on a framework whereby financial users are given the chance about the true state or fair value of assets, liabilities and equity for decision making under the impression that things will be fair to users of financial information about a company. Incidentally, FAS 157 defines fair value almost very closely to what was discussed and analyzed so far. It is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to dislodge a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants in a measurement date (Sortur, 2 007). 2.2 Does the use of fair value accurately portray the value underlying financial and economic transactions? To the extent that fair value concept is discussed so far, there is the presumed suggest that the use of fair value will accurately portray the value underlying the financial economic transaction. As to whether this is true, this subsection will have to evaluate the sequent moment on what happened upon the application of 157. In the case of banks, there are those who have to print down the value of assets because of their perception that values have declined due to existing market conditions (Chasan, 2008 Rees-Mogg, 2007).The economic substances however were not favorable to affected interested parties since this action of the banks has produced a backlash. Investors of these banks have lost values of their investments. As a result, the banks have become more risky and depositors lost their trust too in the banking system. If thence the banks were just reflecting t he true values of the assets, how come the chemical reaction of these banks as matter of complying with the destinys of the FAS I57 was not good for many of the affected parties? Would it proper then to deduce that the application of FAS 157 is not fair or that FAS 157 fair value is not fair?If the answers to both(prenominal) of these questions are in the affirmative, then this would have the connotation that what is unfavorable to others is not fair. But how if the values being reflected in the write down are indeed the true values, would the fact that users of financially information get adversely affected make the FAS 157 not fair any more? It would seem that it would be not worsen to say fair value accounting or the use of fair value will not be fair if users get affected or have the perception of not getting what they feel or perceive to deserve even if the information is indeed accurate.Otherwise, fair value accounting would be equated with sure profits which could never be within the contemplation of the use of information in decision making. universe fair therefrom must low gear and foremost be characterized to represent the true and accurate information and consequence would be justified by such quality of information. To answer squarely whether the use of fair value accurately portray the value underlying financial and economic transactions, this paper would have to answer in the affirmative.Based on foregoing analysis the FAS 157 aims to reflect the values what would approximate the market price since it is the price to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants in a measurement date (Sortur, 2007). FAS 157 fair value is therefore the result of the business transaction using the exit price (Sortur, 2007) and is determined by the buyers and sellers in the market. It is therefore not the job of FAS 157 to manufacture what is unfair scarce would have totally to reflect the true values of assets or liabilities that would have to be reported.Therefore, fair value accounting or the use of fair value must be upheld to be fair if it would reflect or would cause the reflection of what are true values. Indeed, it must be the capital markets or the buyers and sellers who will determine the market value or fair value and not the accounting standard. The only role of the accounting standard is to cause its reflection in financial reports of companies because of the requirement to make public their financial statement to investors which would reflect the fair values of assets and liabilities.There is argument that the intention of 157 Accounting rule FAS 157 is good but one cannot prevent people from taking advantage of the new rule to what could further their interest. It is further argued that in whatever one would like to bear at it, the generic thing about business is still the desire for profit by which people are motivated with their personal interest to get more wealt h (Brigham and Houston, 2002). In response, the use of fair value does consent to allowing people to be taken advantage but cannot prevent those who would want to and those who do not know how to exploit information for decision making.If the banks which wrote down asset values are indeed taking advantage of the use of fair value accounting, it is still the transactions between the previous buyer or seller that have caused the reaction which started it and the role of accounting standard is just to reflect them (Meigs and Meigs, 1995). If the requirement to report what is happening is unfair, what will then be fair? Chasan (2008) narrated about some investors expressing their doubts on the effectiveness or fairness of fair value accounting method used especially in the context of evaporating markets caused by the financial crisis.The author however admitted that the use of FAS 157 as an accounting standard was made to alter transparency to investors. Citing big write-downs being m ade big companies like Citigroup and Merrill Lynch Co Inc. which has made multibillion-dollar reductions on subprime-related asset-backed securities and other assets described as hard-to-price assets, the issue of whether fair value is still fair has become a controversial question (Chasan, 2008). The argument being asserted is about the capriciousness of being caused the use of fair value. Rephrased simply, can fair value justify the volatility?Volatility is a term used in business which connotes changes in market prices and which causes risks to investors (Droms, 1990 Helfert, 1994). It is feared that with the desire to create transparency, increased risk from the use of fair value is coming out as a result. To resolve the issue, the previous answer to the question on whether the use of fair value could justify big losses if what is being reflected or reported about company values are still true, would in effect cover the issue of volatility being blamed on the use of fair value .Hence, this paper believes, that fair value which stands for what is true must be upheld as argued earlier. There are concerns that because of volatility caused by the use of fair value accounting, the money makers would just be benefiting hedge funds since they are those to profit from volatility (Chasan 2008). In answer, it could argued that such is the nature of fair value accounting, to allow the market forces to move freely without people being compelled to enter into buying and selling transactions.If there are losers, there are too losers and they are part of the process. It is withal argued that those who are complaining about the effects of credits being blamed on the use of fair value accounting are investors or groups of them, who may have been instrumental in pushing for the shift to fair value accounting. peerless of these groups is called the CFA Centre for Financial Market Integrity, with analysts and portfolio managers composing the group (Chasan 2008). The group and other groups 2007 had their aggressive lobbying to use fair value more in financials.These investor groups could not be only be winners in a market transaction, they could also be losers sometimes otherwise the market is not operating efficiently. 2. 3 Should there be one universal standard of valuing the assets and obligations of all firms? The issue of whether there should be universal standard for valuing the assets and obligation may be very ideal since when one now talks of universal fair value as a universal standard for example, one will have to consider macroeconomic conditions of the variant companies in the world.Since not all nations are similarly situated, at least economically, there is the strong probability that universal value could not be implemented. The question is being propounded to help in setting what is the fair value in accounting like the universality of human rights. However its impracticality will prevent the advance of the objective. Accounting va lues are not human rights. Another thing is the difficulty of measuring the risks in business in different countries which are factors in determining the cost of capital of doing business.The difference in risks depends upon many factors including macroeconomic conditions which are affected by political developments. In answer therefore to the question, it will have to plainly say that the vision of universal standard is laudatory and this could be a part of an approximate desire to the internationalization of accounting in many part of the world. There is the plan to harmonize all accounting standards in the world. The FAS 157 definition was actually made part of the plan of IASB which makes IFRS, to adopt the condition for the use of those using the IAS or IFRS (Sortur, 2007).In other words, efforts are made to approximate universality of standard in valuing the assets and obligations of all firms but its realization could only possibly become when the time will come for a univer sal government. 2. 4 Can accounting standards allow for both historical and fair value and still produce meaningful information for decision making? Accounting standards are in effect guides to users to help users make informed decisions in business. Having both historical and fair value must strike the balance of getting to the extreme of having one and disregarding the other.In other words, one needs to know what is historical for comparison to what is fair value or market value to make an informed judgment. Accounting standards must then work for the attainment for the foundation of balance between the two values. As to whether the accounting standards can allow for both historical and fair value and still produce meaningful information for decision making, is answered again in the affirmative. This can be tackled better by breaking the given statement into two propositions first and then combine them latter.The first proposition would be declared settled in the fact the account ing standards can allow both historical and fair value together. The second proposition is that the use of both will still produce meaningful information. This first proposition is accomplished since the practice have been done for a long time already since in the case of valuing of inventories, accounting standards allow the valuing them of lower of cost or market under the IAS 2. (Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, 2008).The fact that inventories can be valued at cost means the historical cost is maintained but requirement of presenting the fair value of inventory if it has gone down in the market is also a part of the standard which in effect allows the working of fair value concept. There are other IAS concepts which allowed fair value accounting and historical value accounting. Thus this section is not much of a problem. The second proposition appears to also to have been fulfilled by the use of IAS as illustrated.to a greater extent meaningful information is in fact reflected by allowi ng a combination of fair value and historical cost in the valuation of assets and liabilities of companies. By combining the validation done is confirming the application of two proposition, it could be sufficient to strongly answer the question in the affirmative. 5. Relevancy and Reliability Is one more important than the other, depending upon the financial user? Both relevancy and reliability are requirements for qualitative characteristics of accounting information.Forcing one to be is more important than the other would be asking the wrong question if the objective is only to determine whether preparing financial information using their fair values is fair. In fact to say that an information must be relevant carries the presupposition that the information must also be reliable. This is on premise that reliability connotes objectivity of information which is very much akin to being truth or fair. Information is relevant or has is relevancy character if it influences ones decisi on about a particular issue. On the other hand, reliability deals with the objectivity or accuracy of the information.How could a decision maker consider information as relevant when there is no reliability of the information? On the other hand having reliable information would be of no value if the same is not needed in the decision to be made. The two characteristics must therefore go together. 3. Conclusion The issue of whether fair value accounting or the use of fair in accounting for company assets and liabilities is fair must be answered in the affirmative. What is fair is not what has caused much damaged to a person or entity if such damage was a result of failure to follow the basic rules of making investment.The effect of fair value should not be used to allow one to just justify avarice while disregarding the rights of others. A loser under a fair value accounting is comparable to a person who is taking too much risk thus the return could also be high but could be low bec ause of the working of the market. As long as buyers and sellers are not being compelled to complete their transaction, fair value is still fair. Fair value accounting will lead to the truth but its value will also depend on the users of information after they have done their roles in the market.The user will still need to make a comparison with what is historical and what is the current fair value as caused by economic conditions. Present accounting standards have caused the reporting of both kind of information but users must also be intelligent in doing their part. Fair value as a concept in accounting standard was just made to correct the apparent failure of purely historical cost accounting. If fair value accounting is fair, it does not imply that the standard must go back to historical accounting but historical information must still be reported and allow the user to make a difference in how to process the information.Since fair value and historical cost could co-exist togethe r, the same must be the better option as it will provide a balance between historical and fair value accounting. References Brigham and Houston, Introduction to Financial Management, Thomson-South Western, USA, 2002 Chasan, Emily (2008), Is fair value accounting really fair? web document URL, http//www. reuters. com/article/reutersEdge/idUSN1546484120080226, Accessed October 20, 2008 Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu (2008), Summary of IFRS for IAS 2, www document URL http//www. iasplus. com/standard/ias02. htm , Accessed October 21, 2008.Droms (1990) Finance and Accounting for Non Financial Managers, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, England Helfert, Erich (1994), Techniques for Financial Analysis, IRWIN, Sydney, Australia Meigs and Meigs, 1995, Financial Accounting, McGraw-Hill, Inc, London, UK Rees-Mogg (2007), Why FAS 157 strikes dread into bankers, www document URL http//www. timesonline. co. uk/tol/ colour/columnists/william_rees_mogg/article2852547. ece, Accessed October 21, 2008. S ortur (2007) Fair Value Measurement, The Chartered Accountant www document URL, http//icai. org/resource_file/96471564-1574. pdf, Accessed October 21, 2008.

Great Depression Essay Example for Free

spacious Depression EssayDepression is a deep, ex pitched slump in supply business activity. Buying and selling fall back during a embossment. This accepts a decline in production, prices, income and employment. Money becomes scarce. more businesses fail, and many workers lose their think overs. A first can hit an industry, a region, a community of the world ( demure 32 Smitha 89 Eleanor Roosevelt theme Historic set NP). A falling off might develop if sales drop in a tour of stores. Because of the fall in sales, the stores order little merchandise from manufacturers, in turn, lower production, cut orders from suppliers, and invests less gold in new equipment and factories. As sales drop, prices tend to fail, further reducing business income. Employers lay off workers as business income falls. deposeruptcies may follow ( demure 32 Smitha 89 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic invest NP). The depression cycle occurs again and again as unemployment rises. Unemployed workers grow less money to spend, leading to further drops in sales, production, income, and employment. The slump feeds on itself, becoming more and more worse until business activity picks up ( modest 32 Smitha 89 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP).S ever soe depressions occurred in the United States in 1837, 1873, 1893, 1907 and 1929. Financial panics at the start of these depressions sharply reduced the amount of money available for spending. Depressions have similarly occurred after wars, when war snip spending suddenly stops. The worst depression in chronicle was the majuscule Depression, which struck the world in 1929 and continued through the 1930s (Coy 32 Smitha 89 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP). Great Depression was a world entire business slump of the 1930s.It ranked as the worst and longest period of high unemployment and low business activity in modern time. The Great Depression began in October 1929, when stock determine in the United St ates dropped rapidly. Thousands of stockholders confused large sums of money or were even wiped out. Banks, factories, and stores closed and left one million millions of Americans jobless and penniless. Many mass had to depend on the judicature or charity for bond (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89 Bernanke 57 Sides 35 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP). chair Herbert vacuum-clean held office when the Great Depression began.The voters elected Franklin D. Roosevelt hot seat 1932. Roosevelts reforms gave the authorities more power and helped ease the depression (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89). The Great Depression affected al approximately every nation. It caused a sharp decrease in world handicraft because each country tried to help its own industries by bringing up tariffs on imports. The depression caused some nations to change their leader and their type of government. The poor stinting condition led to the rise of the German dictator Adolf H itler and to the Japanese invasion of China.The German spate realizeed Hitler because his plans to make Germany a world leader gave them wish for improved conditions. The Japanese developed industries and mines in Manchuria, a region of China, and claimed this economic growth would relieve the depression in Japan. The militarism of Germany and Japan helped bring on orbit War II (1939 1945) (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89 Bernanke 57 Sides 35 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP). Depressions hurt great come of citizenry, especially workers who lose their jobs.Bank failures wipe out the savings of depositors if such funds are not insured. Many people cannot meet rent or mortgage payments and lose their homes (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89 Bernanke 57 Sides 35 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP). During a depression, some people must live on charity to survive. They may feel angry and humiliated because they cannot support themselves (Coy 32 Smitha 89 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP) Depressions cause marriage and birth rates to decline. Young people who cannot find jobs delay marriage.Couple uncertain just about the future may have fewer children than they would comparable (Coy 32 Smitha 89 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP). Long periods of unemployment cause people to lose faith in them selves and in the future. After a depression, many people value security above all else (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89 Bernanke 57 Sides 35 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP). nearly people profit from a depression. For example, those who have enough money can debauch businesses, stocks, and former(a) property at low prices.Salaried workers may live better as prices drop and their income buys more and more (Coy 32 Smitha 89 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP). Society suffers as a depression spreads mass unemployment, poverty and despair. Depressions also change certain beliefs. These changes can affect society. The Great Depression caused many people to distrust business and led the government to regulate business and economic affairs. This step-upd regulation led to the widespread belief that the government should maintain high employment and guarantee citizens a sizeable life.After the Great Depression, many people no longer trusted employers to protect workers. As a result, projection unions gained more members and greater public word sense than ever before (Coy 32 Smitha 89 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP). A depression makes some people lose faith in their governing body of government. They may come to believe any leader who promises a change. Leaders who took power during a depression include Adolf Hitler, who rule Germany as dictator from 1933 to 1945, and Benito Mussolini, dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943 (Coy 32 Smitha 89 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP).Relations between nations suffer during a depression. Each c ountry tries to protect its own interests without concern for different nations (Coy 32 Smitha 89 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP). The Great Depression ended after nations increased their production of war materials at the start of demesne War II. This increased level of production provided jobs and put large sums of money back into circulation (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89 Bernanke 57 Sides 35 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP). The depression had lasting effects on the United States government and on many Americans.For example, the government took more province than ever before for strengthening the rescue. In addition, many Americans who lived during the depression stressed the importance in later y auricles of acquiring such material comforts as appliances and cars (Coy 32 Smitha 89 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP). Many causes contri only whened to making the Great Depression as severe as it was. During the mid-twenties, many bank failures, in concert with low incomes among farmers and factory workers, helped set the stage for the depression. Uneven distribution of income among workers also contributed to the slump. close to economists agree that the stock market crash of 1929 started the depression (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89 Bernanke 57 Sides 35 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP). The 1920s were a prosperous period for business, but most farmers did not prosper. Prices of farm products fell about 40% in 1920 and 1921, and they remained low through the 1920s. Some farmers lost so much money that they could not pay the mortgage of their farm. These farmers then had to either rent their land or move (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP).Bank failures increased during the 1920s. Most of them occurred in agricultural areas because farmers experienced such poor conditions. About 550 banks went out of business from July 1, 1928 to June 3 0, 1929, the period of greatest prosperity in the 1920s (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP). In addition to the farmers, workers in the coal, railroad and textile industries failed to share in the prosperity of the 1920s. Industrial production increased about 50%, but the wages of industrial workers rose far slowly.As a result, these workers could not buy goods o fast as industry produced them. Many people had to buy on credit. After a while, workers reduced their spending to hold down their debts. thusly the amount of money in circulation decreased, and business became even worse (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53). From 1925 to 1929, the average price of common stocks on the freshly York stock Exchange more than doubled. Rising stock values encouraged many people to speculate that is, buy stocks in hope of making large get following future price increases (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53).Stock values dropped rapidly on October 2 4, 1929, outright know as Black Thursday. Most stock prices remained steady on Friday and Saturday. But the next Monday, stock prices fell again. Then, on Tuesday, October 29, stockholders panicked and sold a record of 16,410, 030 shares of stock. Thousands of people lost broad sums of money as stock values fell far below the prices paid for the stock. Banks and businesses had also brought stock, and many lost so much that they had to close. Stock values fell almost steadily for the next three years (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89 Sides 35 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP).In October 1929, a sudden, sharp drop in the value of stocks in the United States marked the beginning of a worldwide business slump known as the Great Depression. The depression brought hard times for most Americans, but especially for blacks. Blacks became the chief victims of job discrimination. They adopted the slogan Last Hired and origin Fired to express their situation (Anderson 6 Co y 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP). To help ease the poverty in the ghettos, black organized cooperative groups.These groups include the Colored Merchants Association in New York City and Jobs for Negroes organizations in places such as St. Louis, Chicago, Cleveland an New York City. The groups bought food for thought and new(prenominal) goods in large volume to get the lowest prices. They boycotted stores that had mostly black customers but few, if any, black worker (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89 Bernanke 57 Sides 35 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP). Most black Americans felt that chairman Herbert Hoover, a Republican, had done little to try to end the depression.In the elections of 1932, some black voters deserted their traditional loyalty to the Republican Party. They no longer saw it as the party of Abraham Lincoln the emancipator but of Hoover and the depression. In 1936, for the first time, most blacks supported t he Democratic Party candidate for President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and helped him win reelection (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89 Bernanke 57 Sides 35 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP). Roosevelt called his program the New Deal. It included measures of reform, relief and recovery and benefited many blacks.A group of blacks advised Roosevelt on problems the Black Cabinet, included William H. Hastie and Mary McLeod Bethune. Hastie served as assistant solicitor in the Department of Interior, as a U. S. district court judge in the Virgin Islands, and as a civilian aide to the secretary of war. Bethune, founder of Bethune Cookman College, directed the black affairs division of a federal agency called the National Youth Administration. As a result of the New Deal, black Americans developed a strong loyalty to the Democratic Party (Smitha 89 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP).Blacks deeply prise President Roosevelts wife, Eleanor, for her stand in an incide nt in 1939 involving the great concert utterer Marian Anderson. The Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), a patriotic organization, denied the singer permission to perform at Constitution Hall in Washington, D. C. , because she was black. Eleanor Roosevelt then resigned from the DAR and helped arranged for Anderson to sing, instead at the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday. more then 75,000 blacks and whites attended the concert (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89 Bernanke 57 Sides 35 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP).During the early 1940s, the NAACP began to measuring stick up its legal campaign against racial discrimination. The campaign achieved a number of important victories, including several favorable rulings by the U. S. Supreme Court. In 1941, for example, the court ruled that separate facilities for white and black railroad passengers must be significantly equal. In 1944, the court say that the white primary, which excluded blacks from voting in the only pregnant elections in the South, was unconstitutional (Smitha 89 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP).Besides taking legal action, blacks used new tactics to attack segregation in public places. In 1943, for example, the Congress of Racial Equity (CORE) launched a sit in at a Chicago restaurant. In this protest, blacks sat in places reticent for white people (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89 Bernanke 57 Sides 35 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP). The Great Depression differed in both lengths and harshness from previous depression in the United States. In earlier depressions, business activity had started to pick up after one or two years. But from October, 1929, until Franklin D.Roosevelt became President in March, 1933, the economy slumped almost every month. Business failures increased rapidly among banks, factories, and stores and unemployment soared. Millions of people lost their jobs, savings and home (Smitha 89 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP). From the years 1930 1933, prices of industrial stocks fell about 80 per cent. Banks and individuals with investments in the stock market lost large sums. Banks had also loaned money to many people who could repay it. The deepening depression forced large numbers of people to withdraw their savings.Banks had great difficulty meeting the withdrawals, which came at a time when the banks were unable to collect on many loans. Between January 1930 and March 1933, about 9,000 banks failed. The bank failures wiped out the savings of millions of people (Smitha 89). Bank failures made less money available for loans to industry. The decline in available money caused a drop in production and a further rise in unemployment. From 1929 to 1933, the total value of goods and services produced annually in the United States fell from about $ 104 billion to about $56 billion.In 1932, the number of business closings almost a third higher than the 1929 level (Anderson 6). The Great De pression hit the United States and the world in 1929. Business firms failed, workers lost their jobs and farmers lost their farms. Banks had made loans to thousands of people who lost their money and could not repay what they owed. The depression also forced large numbers of depositors to withdraw their savings. Banks had great difficulty meeting the withdrawals, which came at a time when they were unable to collect on many loans.Most banks had also invested in stocks and other property that lost value because of depression (Anderson 6). In 1925, about 3 per cent of the nations workers were unemployed. The unemployment rate reached about 9 per cent in 1930 and about 25 per cent or about 13 million persons in 1933. Many people who kept or found jobs had to take salary cuts. In 1932, wage cuts averaged about 18 per cent. Many people, including college graduates, felt gilded to find a job. In 1932, the New York City Police Department estimated that 7,000 persons over the age 17 sh ined shoes for a living (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89).Foreign trade also fell greatly during the Great Depression. The Smoot Hawley Taft subroutine of 1930 contributed to the drop. This law greatly increased a number of tariffs. President Hoover signed the law because he thought it would reduce competition from foreign products. But tariffs rose so high that other nations reacted b raising tariffs on U. S. goods (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89). From 1929 to 1933, prices of farm goods fell about 50 per cent. This drop occurred partly because high tariffs made exports unprofitable. In addition, farmers produced a surplus of crops.The surplus pushed prices down because there was more food than people could buy (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89). Human suffering became a reality for millions Americans as the depression continued. Many died of disease resulting from malnutrition. Thousands lost their home because they could not pay the mortgage. In 1932, at least 25,000 families and more than 200,000 young people wandered through the country seeking food, clothing, shelter and job. Many youths traveled in freight trains and lived near train yards in camps called hobo jungles (Coy 32).The homeless, jobless traveler obtained food from welfare agencies or religious missions in towns along the way. Most of their meals consisted of soup, beans, or stew and had little nourishment. The travelers begged for food or stole it if they could not get something to ear in any other way. Sometimes they ate scraps of food from garbage cans (Anderson 6 Coy 32). The ragged travelers found clothing harder to obtain than food. Missions gave most of the clothing they had to needy local people. Some of the travelers became ill because they did not have proper food and clothing.Even the sick wanderers had trouble getting help because hospitals back up local residents first (Anderson 6 Coy 32). Many people who lost their home remained in the community. So me crowded into the home of a relative. Others moved to a shabby section of town and built shacks from flattened tin cans and old crates. Groups of these shacks were called Hoovervilles, a name that reflected the peoples anger and disappointment at President Hooveys failure to end the depression (Anderson 6 Coy 32). In 1932, many farmers refused to ship their products to market. They hoped a reduced supply of farm products would help sneak the price of these goods.Such farmers strikes occurred throughout the country, but they centered in Iowa and the surrounding states (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Smitha 89). Severe drought and dust storms hit move of the Middle West and Southwest during the 1930s. The afflicted region became known as the Dust Bowl, and thousands of farm families there were wiped out. Many farmers went to the fertile agricultural areas of California to get wind for work. Most who found jobs had to work as fruit and vegetable pickers from extremely low wages. The migrant fa milies crowded into the shacks near the fields or camped outdoors (Coy 32).President Hoover believed that business, if left alone to operate without government supervision, would correct the economic conditions. He vetoed several bills aimed at relieving the depression because he felt they gave the federal government too much power (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89 Bernanke 57 Sides 35 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP). Hoover declared that state and local governments should provide relief to the needy. But those governments did not have enough money to do so. In 1932, Congress approved Hoovers most successful anti depression measure, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC).This government agency provided some relief by lending money to banks, railroads and other large institutions whose failure would have made the depression even worse. However, most Americans felt that Hoover did not do enough to fight depression. They elected Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89 Bernanke 57 Sides 35 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP ). Roosevelt believed the federal government had the chief responsibility of fighting the Great Depression. He called Congress into a special session, now called the snow Days, to pass laws to relieve the depression.Roosevelt called his program the New Deal (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP). The laws established by the New Deal had three main purposes. First, they provided relief for the needy. Second, they aided nationally recovery by providing jobs and encouraging business. Third, the laws tried to reform business and government so that such a severe depression would never happen in the United States again (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP). In February 1933, the banks of Detroit failed.The resulting blow to public assumption was so great that depositors throughout the country withdrew money from their banks. These runs ruined many banks (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Smitha 89). To stop the panic, President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared a nation wide bank holiday that began on March 6, 1933. All banks closed until federal officials examined the books of each. No bank was allowed to reopen until it has been found in good condition. Many never reopened. Roosevelts action restored public confidence in banks and ended the crisis (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Smitha 89).The Glass Steagall Banking Act of 1933 further strengthened peoples faith in banks. This law, sponsored by Senator Carter Glass of Virginia and Representative Henry B. Steagall of Alabama, created the FDIC to insure bank deposits. The act also restricted banking practices that seemed risky (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Smitha 89). Congress created several agencies to manage relief programs. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), established in 1933, employed thousands of young men in conservation projects. The nati onal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), founded in 1933, gave the states money for the needy.The whole caboodle Progress Administration (WPA), created in 1935, provided jobs in the construction of bridges, dams and schools (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP). The government also aided recovery by spending large sums of money. This federal spending gave businessmen the confidence to also begin spending. The economy improved after money began to circulate. The government also increased trade by lowering tariffs on certain import products that they merchandise from the United States (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP).Congress created several agencies to supervise banking and labor reforms. The national Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), founded in 1933, insured bank deposits. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), established in 1935, worked to prevent unfair labor prac tices and aid the development of labor unions. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), created in 1934, attempted to protect investors from buying unsafe stocks and bonds. In 1935, Congress passed the Social Security Act to provide money for retired and unemployed people (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP).Some Americans who kept their jobs during the Great Depression managed to live comfortably. Many of those who had a steady income could afford to buy an automobile, clothes and other products that were out of reach for most people. Steak cost about 29 cents a pound, and gasoline about 18 cents a gallon. People who had enough money found that, because of low prices, conditions were better during the depression than they had been in the 1920s (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89 Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site NP).The New Deal program not only helped relieve the depression but also renewed the confidence of Ameri cans in the government. But about 15 per cent of the nations working force still did not have a job in 1940. The Great Depression did not end in the United States until 1942, after the country had entered World War II. The tremendous increase in production of war materials provided so many jobs that the unemployed rate in the United States fell to about 1 per cent in 1944 (Coy 32 Smitha 89). In Canada, the national economy depended on the export of grain and raw materials.Canadian farmers and exporters suffered huge losses after other countries increased tariffs on imported products. Many Canadian companies closed, and unemployment rate rose from about 3 per cent of the labor force in 1929 to about 23 per cent in 1933 (Coy 32 Smitha 89). Richard Bennett, who served as prime minister from 1930 to 1935, had little success in his efforts to relieve the depression in Canada. W. L. Mackenzie King succeeded Bennett and adopted programs similar to those of Roosevelt to fight the depression (Coy 32 Smitha 89). The Great Depression caused many changes in the United States.It brought new laws that gave the government far more power than at any previous time in the nations history. It also changed the attitudes of countless Americans toward various aspects of life. New government policies that resulted from the New Deal increased federal control over banks and the stock market. Laws of the New Deal also gave the government more power to provide money for the needy. Ever since the depression, both Democratic and Republican administrations have broadened the powers of the federal government. For example, the government now provides hospital and medical insurances for the aged.The government may also regulate price and wage increases to try to keep the cost of living from rising (Smitha 89). The depression also changed the basic philosophy of the United States government in spending money. in the beginning the depression, the government tried to spend the same amount of mon ey it collected. But to support the New Deal, the government used deficit spending that is it spent more money that it collected. This policy greatly increased the national debt. The government has continued to avow on deficit spending during most years since World War II ended in 1945 (Smitha 89).The depression changed the attitudes of many Americans toward business and the federal government. Before the depression, most people regarded bankers and business executives as the nations leaders. After the stock market crashed and these leaders could not relieve the depression, Americans lost faith in them. The government finally succeeded in improving conditions. As a result, many Americans decided that the government not business had the responsibility to maintain the national economy (Anderson 6 Coy 32).Many people changed their basic attitudes toward life because of the suffering they experienced during the depression. They previously had believed they would have a reasonably ha ppy life if they worked hard, salvage money, and treated others well. The depression shattered that belief. The situation seemed especially hard to understand because there appeared to be no reason for so many of the things that happened (Anderson 6). The depression in all probability affected young adults more than any other group from a psychological viewpoint. These men and women encountered great difficulty in finding a job and starting a career.If they did find a position, they had little chance of promotion because employers eliminated jobs throughout the depression. Consequently, many young adults lost confidence in them selves and lowered their ambitions (Coy 32). Some people who lived through the Great Depression became more concerned with material possessions than did people born after that era. The depression forced people to worry about such necessities as food, clothing and shelter. After the economy improved, many people wanted material comforts that they had lost or had never earned before, including appliances, a car and a house. Others sought financial security.They stressed the importance of having a job and saving money as a precaution against hard times in the future. The importance of material comforts and financial security that developed among man people of the depression generation affected their relationship with their children. Most people who grew up during the 1950s and 1960s did not know the experience of being wiped out. They knew nothing about having to struggle for money and a job. They did not understand why their parents put such great importance on material possessions and financed security. Many young people criticized such attitudes of their parents.A lack of both understanding and converse helped create what became known as the generation gap of the 1960s and early 1970s (Anderson 6 Coy 32 Samuelson 53 Smitha 89 Bernanke 57 Sides 35). Works Cited Anderson, George M. Rich Nation, Poor People. America (2008) 5 6. Bernan ke, Ben S. Essays in the Great Depression. New Jersey Princeton University Press, 2000. Coy, Peter. Lessons from the depression. Business Week (2008) 32. Great Depression lesson. USA Today News 31 March 2008 14a. Samuelson, Robert J. Hold the Hysteria (for Now). Newsweek 151 (2008) 53. Sides, Josh.L. A. City Limits African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present. Berkeley University of California Press, 2004. Smitha, Frank E. The Great Depression. (2008). Frank E. Smitha. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from http//www. fsmitha. com/h2/ch15wd. html. Temin, Peter. Lessons from the Great Depression. Cambridge MIT Press, 1989. The First of the Hundred Days. History Today 58 (2008) 13. The Great Depression (1929 1939). 2008. Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from http//www. nps. gov/archive/elro/glossary/great- depression. htm.

Freud And James Theoretical Positions Essay Example for Free

Freud And James Theoretical Positions EssaySigmund Freud and William James helped unveil a new zeitgeist in the burgeoning field of psychology. Freuds psychoanalysis and James functionalism would influence theorists and practitioners for decades, earning separately man a prominent place in psychologys history books. What are the cornerstones of these milestone theories of human behavior, and how do they compare?In regards to elemental human nature, James and Freud could not have been more divergent in their views. William James functionalism promoted a free will that carries us toward a final destination. A personal analysis that reflects ones own unique individual experiences was passing valued. Each event in our lives moves us through a ageless stream of different contexts and consciousness. Therefore, James did not focus so much on our good or evil natures, preferring instead to view our world as painted with a palette of varying shades of gray. Human beings cannot be di vided into convenient categories and labels, but rather exist as unique and manifold individuals. James pragmatic and functional mentality (we all have a purpose) leant him a slightly humanistic view in which most people distort toward a common good for the betterment of society. (James, 1983)In stark contrast, Sigmund Freud heralded a rather pessimistic view of human nature, emphasizing instincts as our natural drive and aggression or sex as our primary channels for those desires. Much of his psychoanalytic surmisal centers around the concept of a libidinous ida force deep within us and beyond our awareness which harbors all of our secret impulses and desires unfit for society. Most of our lives, our personality is spent in a dispute between the bad id and the good, law-abiding superego. We repress most of our negative feelings out of conscious awareness, but they still manifest themselves in the form of material unhealthiness and mental neurosis, just as the infamous Anna O . demonstrates. Also, Freuds proposed psychosexual stages of development further reveal his emphasis on instincts (primarily sexual) in molding everyone (Schultz Schultz, 2000).The emphasis on innate physical causes for behavior represented a strong departure from structural and empirical schools of thought, and both Freud and James brought this difference to the forefront, albeit in different forms. No mental modification ever occurs which is not accompanied or followed by a bodily change.The spiritualist and the associationist must both be cerebralists.Psychology is the allowance of inner to outer relations.The psychologist must be a nerve-physiologist..All of the preceding statements, taken from William James Principles of Psychology (1983), highlight an underlying theme in his theorythe body (most especially the brain) is a vital and essential component of mental life.Consciousness, he asserted, must be studied in its natural setting, and canvass of the conditions (the physic al components) of phenomena is crucial. He cited as proof of the brains importance how factors such as a blow to the head, drug use, or other sorts of brain suffering have the potential to almost complete reverse someones behavior and personality. In addition, his theory of habits also indicates his belief in the brains ability to mold lifelong behaviors. Also, James held that emotions were the direct result of physiological reactions to stimuli (Schultz Schultz, 2000).Despite his nativist assertions, however, James did appreciate that vital role environmental factors vie in human development. According to functionalist thought, the function of our consciousness is to freely adapt to our environment in order to survive. We accomplish this through choosing our paths. An active mind that filters, combines, selects, rejects, and generally weave(s) an endless carpet appealed to James. He prized the role of motivation in directing our attention. Far from being mere passersby on the h ighway of life, we are rather highly energetic and involved drivers paving our own indelible mark and fueled by free will (James, 1983). Freud shared James basic nativism. Freuds study of Anna O. demonstrates his certainty that the mind can exert a tremendous influence upon the body.The whole concept of neurosis states that physical bodily symptoms which have no plain physical origin are likely the result of defects or repressions within the mind (Schultz Schultz, 2000). Freud always remained very deterministic in his theories. All people are born with innate libidinous impulses. All people repress those instincts, resulting in various complexes. All people pass through the psychosexual stages of development, and the personality of everyone is fundamentally set by the age of seven. However, unlike William James, Freuds stance is rooted in a passive mind completely helpless to impulse. Perhaps this passivenessand lack of faith in the human conditionis the strongest contrast betwee n Sigmund Freud and William James. However, both men will continue to influence psychologists across the world for many another(prenominal) generations.ReferencesJames, W. (1983). The Principles of Psychology. Cambridge Harvard University Press.Schultz, D. P. Schultz, S. E. (2000). A History of Modern Psychology. Belmont WadsworthThomson Learning.

Static Code Analysis

Static Code AnalysisJim KieltTable of Contents (Jump to)1.0 Analysis1.1 Cross-Site Scripting 239 vulnerabilities detected.1.2 blame Manipulation 9 vulnerabilities detected.1.3 SQL crack 4 vulnerabilities detected.2.0 BibliographyTable of FiguresFigure 1 RIPS results output for bWAPPFigure 2 Line of economy from xss_json.php dangerous to Cross-Site Scripting detected by RIPSFigure 3 Returned message from xss_json.phpFigure 4 Returned message from xss_json.php with a script being passed to the practical finish.Figure 5 Returned message from secured xss_json.php with the script being passed to the industriousness.Figure 6 under attack(predicate) to File Manipulation scratch detected by RIPSFigure 7 Link to uploaded charge on unrestricted_ single read_upload.php showing row to uploadsFigure 8 move upload of a PDF file on unrestricted_file_upload.phpFigure 9 Vulnerable to SQL Injection legislation detected by RIPSFigure 10 Message from SQL Injection on sqli_3.php1. 0 AnalysisThe open source project for analysis for source code vulnerabilities is The Buggy Web App or bWAPP. This application is deliberately insecure to dish up security system experts and students of IT security learn about the vulnerabilities that exist on the Internet today, how they can be work and how they can then be secured. bWapp is a PHP application that makes use of a MySQL infobase. 1To analyse the source code for vulnerabilities, a static source code analysis tool is required. RIPS is such a tool which is scripted in PHP and designed to find vulnerabilities in PHP applications. It transforms the PHP source code that it is analysing into a programme model that can detect potenti aloney unsafe go bads or affectionate sinks that could then be tainted by user insert that causes vulnerabilities. 2So a potentially vulnerable function in source code that uses a source containing user input creates a vulnerability.bWAPP is available as a virtual machine called buzz-bo x where it can run as a stand-alone nett server on a lab/testing network. To analyse the buzz-box server, the RIPS application files need to be extracted to the buzz-box servers document root i.e. /var/ vane/rips/. Then on the host machines browser, navigate to http//localhost/rips to bring up the main scanning varlet. The path to the file or directory and/or subdirectories to be scanned is entered along with some available options before the scan button is clicked.The available options for scanning are as followsVerbosity level1. User tainted2. User, file and database tainted3. User, file and database tainted secured4. User, file and database untainted secured5. Debug modeVulnerability type either or one of the followingServer-side all or one of the followingCode Execution, Command Injection, Header Injection, File apocalypse, File Inclusion, File Manipulation, LDAP Injection, SQL Injection, XPath Injection, and some other.Client-side all or one of the followingCross-Site Script ing and HTTP Response SplittingUnserialized / take upFor the bWAPP analysys, /var/www/bWAPP was entered as the path with the subdirectories option checked. Verbosity level option 2 (User, file and database tainted) and vulnerability type option All was selected. later clicking the scan button, 198 files were scanned in the web directory and after just under a minute, the statistical output in prototype 1 was generated.According to RIPS, the scanner deeds by tokenizing and parsing all of the PHP source code in the file or directory structure and tranforms the code into a program model which detects sensitive sinks that can be tainted by user input, the source throughout execution of the program.At a glimpse it can be seen that Cross-Site Scripting has been heavely detected along with some of the other top vulnerablilties found in web apps today. Of the 198 files scanned, 4251 sensitive sinks (vulnerable functions) were found of which 293 could be tainted by user input and therefo re considered vulnerabilities.The three chosen vulnerabilites for futher analysis are as follows1.1 Cross-Site Scripting239 vulnerabilities detected.Cross-site scripting (XSS) is an injection attack where malicious scripts can be passed through user input on to the web application to create unwanted effects and generally performed through a client browser.An aggressor can use his browser to use XSS to execute a malicious script to another(prenominal) browser user visiting the same page and have the script display unintended info or perform an unintended action. Because the users browser has no course to know if the script should be trusted or not, it has no option but to execture the script. The script or tainted data becomes embedded into the HTML output by the application and rendered by the users browser which can lead to website defacement, phishing or cookie stealing and session hijacking.3A potentially vulnerable function like echo() which prints data to the screen that us es a source like $_GET containing user input can create Cross-Site Scripting vulnerability, e.g$title = $_GETtitleecho ($title)The supra code would display whatever the user enters and could therefore be exploited.To demonstrate the Cross-Site Scripting vulnerability in bWAPP, the focus is on the bWAPP/xss_json.php file/page. Figure 2 shows the code snipit where user input was found and marked by the scanner (white dots) as a potential en afflict point for exploitation. Line 34 of the program places uncurbed user input straight into a function which causes the vulnerablility.Figure 2 Line of code from xss_json.php vulnerable to Cross-Site Scripting detected by RIPSThis page was opened in a browser and was titled XSS-Reflected(JSON), displaying one textfield and a search button looking for the name of a movie to be entered. To test how this page works, Spiderman was entered utilise the Marvel hint ans submitted. The resulting message appeared below the textfield based on the input (see figure 3).Figure 3 Returned message from xss_json.phpSo the user input was displayed back in the output message which could mean that the input was probably unchecked.To test how the texfield responded to a simple script to display cookie information in an alert box, the following was entered and submittedalert(document.cookie)The message this time did not display the entered script statement but kinda tried to execute the script and displayed lines of the code from the page (see figure 4)Figure 4 Returned message from xss_json.php with a script being passed to the application.This message reveals information about the application that should never be dispayed and raises a security concern. A hacker could learn further how to exploit the application using this information.MitigationWe should never trust user data entered into an aplication which needs to be screened for the likes of scripting code. All entered data should be encoded before being embedded into the output. HTM L encoding converts untrusted user input into a safe format that can be employ as output instead of executing as code in the browser e.g Converts to amp. For PHP applications, HTML entity encoding is done via the html particularchars() function which convert all special characters to HTML entities.4 To encode any double or single quotation marks that could be interpreted by the application as code, the ENT_QUOTES disceptation is used to go on any injections and defining the correct charset prevents any special characters being used in the input e.g UTF-8 ASCII compatible multi-byte 8-bit Unicode.Line 34 shows the vulnerable code which was updated to incorporate the mitigation to make it secure.Vulnerable code$title = $_GETtitle check code$title = htmlspecialchars ($_GETtitle, ENT_QUOTES, utf-8)Once the code was secured, the same script code was entered and submitted and this time, the message showed the script statement in the message but this time treated it as a string and did not tackle to execute it (see figure 5)Figure 5 Returned message from secured xss_json.php with the script being passed to the application.1.2 File Manipulation9 vulnerabilities detected.File Manipulation can occur with wide Path Disclosure vulnerabilities where an attacker can see the path of a file in the url of a webapp, e.g. /var/www/htdocs/file. This gives the attacker a partial knowldege of how the application is structured or how the underlying operating system is arranged in order to mount different kinds of attacks. 5Knowing the location of a particular file, the attacker could access and manipulate it by adding malicious code to compromise the webapp server or even upload an attack tool to that location.A potentially vulnerable function like move_uploaded_file() that uses a source like $_FILES directly from user input (upload) can create File Manipulation, e.g.move_uploaded_file($_FILESfiletmp_name, images/ . $_FILESfilename)To demonstrate File Manipulation in bWAPP, t he bWAPP/unrestricted_file_upload.php page was examined. Figure 6 shows the vulnerable code where unchecked user input (the selected file for upload) is used by the application.Figure 6 Vulnerable to File Manipulation code detected by RIPSWhen the page was opened in the broswer, a Browse and Upload button were displayed where an image file could be uploaded to the server. A test image file was uploaded and the resulting message returned the link to where the file is stored on the server. The link was followed to a directory called imagesin the bWAPP directory. Navigating to the images directory brought up a list of all files in the that directory (see figure 7).A PDF file was then selected and successfully uploaded so no file type check was in place. Effectively these files could be manipulated as set forth above or malicious files uploaded and executed like a webscript that take control of the server.Figure 7 Link to uploaded file on unrestricted_file_upload.php showing path to uploadsMitigationSensitive information like file locations should not be visable to the user and any path or file names displayed should be encoded to prevent leakage of this information. This could be achieved by changing the path and filename to a format that the server understands like a hashing function. The move_uploaded_file function should have the file checked that the files being uploaded are image files before being uploaded to the images directory.Line 34 shows the vulnerable code which uploads any file to the images directly without being firstly checked. The preg_match() function can be used to check for particular file extensions, in this case images file types, in a new $filename variable. 6 A file check statement was added to the vulnerable code that checks for the file type and will now only execute the original code as long as the file has the correct extension using an if statement. Line 166 uses the $file_error variable to determine if the upload is successful or not which determines the output, so $file_error is firslty set to an unsuccessful attempt message by default which is cleared if the correct file extension executes.Vulnerable codemove_uploaded_file($_FILESfiletmp_name, images/ . $_FILESfilename)Secure code$filename = $_FILESfilename$file_error = Not an image file, try againif(preg_match(/.(gifpngjpg)$/, $filename))move_uploaded_file($_FILESfiletmp_name, images/ . $_FILESfilename)$file_error = Once the code was secure, another PDF file was browsed to and the Upload button clicked and this time because the file is now firstly checked for file type and because pdf in not in the array of allowable files, the upload function does not execute (see figure 8)Figure 8 Attempted upload of a PDF file on unrestricted_file_upload.php1.3 SQL Injection4 vulnerabilities detected.SQL Injection attacks happen when SQL queries are successfully injected through user input data into the application that can reveal information about the database to al low for further attacks where the database can be modified by the insertion, updating and deletion of data. 7 The user input is crafted in such a way that it is interpreted by the application as SQL commands allowing the attacker contol over the database in even the operating system itself.A potentially vulnerable function like mysql_query() that uses a source like $_POST containing user input can create SQL Injection e.g$login = $_POSTlogin$password = $_POSTpassword$sql = SELECT * FROM heroes WHERE login = . $login . AND password = . $password . $recordset = mysql_query($sql, $link)To demonstrate the SQL Injection in bWAPP, the bWAPP/ sqli_3.php page was examined. Figure 9 shows the vulnerable code where unchecked user input is used by the application.Figure 9 Vulnerable to SQL Injection code detected by RIPSWhen this webpage is loaded, it shows a login screen for superhero credentials requesting a login and password. A basic test for web applications for SQL Injection is the e ntering of the following command in place for the username and/or password or 1=1 The single quote is interpreted by the web application as a special character in SQL which allows for the additional condition to the SQL command 1=1 which is of course always true and the double hyphen is intrepreted by the web application as a comment which closes off the query. When the or 1=1 statement is entered into the login and password fields, a welcome note is displayed (see figure 10)Figure 10 Message from SQL Injection on sqli_3.phpThis shows that this web page is vulnerable to SQL Injection attacks which uses unchecked user input directly by the application which could be exploited in compromising the server.MitigationThe most successful defence against SQL injections is to never use user input directly in the application and to use parameterized queries (prepared statements) instead which is supported by most languages and to avoid using dynamic SQL queries or SQL queries with strin g concatenation. For PHP the mysql_real_escape_string() function can be used to escape special characters in a string for use in an SQL statement.Lines 137 and 137 of the code takes in the user inputs which are executed in the SQL statement in line 140 which is the vulnerable code really is. By implementing the mysql_real_escape_string() function into the code it will escape any special characters. 8Vulnerable code$sql = SELECT * FROM heroes WHERE login = . $login . AND password = . $password . Secure code$sql = SELECT * FROM heroes WHERE login = . mysql_real_escape_string($login) . AND password = . mysql_real_escape_string($password) . Once the code was secured, the or 1=1 statement was entered again into the login and password fields and this time instead of get the previous message as above, the invalid message displayed (see figure 11)Figure 11 Message after attempted SQL injection on secured sqli_3.php2.0 Bibliography1 itsecgames. 2015. itsecgames. ONLINE unattached at http//www.itsecgames.com/. Accessed 19 February 2015.2 RIPS free PHP security scanner using static code analysis. 2015. RIPS free PHP security scanner using static code analysis. ONLINE Available at http//rips-scanner.sourceforge.net/. Accessed 19 February 2015.3 Cross-site Scripting (XSS) OWASP. 2015. Cross-site Scripting (XSS) OWASP. ONLINE Available at https//www.owasp.org/index.php/XSS. Accessed 19 February 2015.4 PHP htmlspecialchars Manual . 2015. PHP htmlspecialchars Manual . ONLINE Available at http//php.net/manual/en/function.htmlspecialchars.php. Accessed 25 February 2015.5 Full Path Disclosure OWASP. 2015. Full Path Disclosure OWASP. ONLINE Available at https//www.owasp.org/index.php/Full_Path_Disclosure. Accessed 02 March 2015.6 PHP preg_match Manual . 2015. PHP preg_match Manual . ONLINE Available at http//php.net/manual/en/function.preg-match.php. Accessed 25 February 2015.7 SQL Injection OWASP. 2015. SQL Injection OWASP. ONLINE Available at https//www.o wasp.org/index.php/SQL_Injection. Accessed 19 February 2015.8 PHP mysql_real_escape_string Manual . 2015. PHP mysql_real_escape_string Manual . ONLINE Available at http//php.net/manual/en/function.mysql-real-escape-string.php. Accessed 25 March 2015.

The Dimensions Of Interprofesssional Practice Nursing Essay

The Dimensions Of Interprofesssional Practice Nursing EssayThis reflective Commentary bequeath focus on a patients discharge mean liaison drawn from my experience in attending a Multidisciplinary team Meeting (MDT) held at my Elective Placement (Cardiology Ward) in the context of the dimensions of Interprofesssional Working (IPW) I will preliminary define in the introduction IP working(a) recognize policies introduce patient scenario, find out the grammatical construction Model which I will use to evaluate and analyse the Dimensions of IPW.IPW refers to maestros with different training backgrounds (medical, surgical, counselling, psychotherapy, Occupational Therapist, physiotherapist) sharing common goals an objectives but who make a difference but complimentary persona to the given client group in order to provide holistic guardianship (Leathard, 2003).IPW has been foregrounded by the United Kingdom (UK) government in a series of policies which shaped and continue to shape the way services and professionals work interprofesssionally. In 1998 The Department of Health (DoH) (1998) encouraged joint working through integrated provision. In 1999 papers such as DoH (1999) re-enforced that the effective c atomic number 18 is the product of interagency working, promoting NHS to move towards interagency collaborative working or IPW in a shift from institutional to community-based accusation. The DoH (2000) a ten year programme of redevelopment practice to design and promotes a patient centered service and promote IP and holistic care. One of the areas the DOH (2000) considered needed improving was the older generation patient discharge. To combat this, standard two of The Single Assessment Process (SAP) and Intermediate care services (ICS) was introduced by the National Service Framework for Older People by DoH (2001a) and this required services and professionals to work together in a co-ordinated assessment of needs for patients. From this, House of Common s Health Committee (2002) cal take for a number of key budges, one of them being a named solicitude Manager to unionize all stages of the patient journey through hospital, up to and beyond discharge. And this coordination liaison could take the form of an MDT discharge planning confluence (DP).New ways of working break to be found that cross professional boundaries, in order to allow a more flexible approach to care delivery (DoH, 2002). To compass this, the Government introduced Interprofesssional Education (IPE) in pre-registered students modules and their aim was to integrate IPE into their curriculum, enabling students to develop transferable skills that will facilitate communication and collaboration in the future (Barr, et al., 2005). Rattay and Mehanna (2008) signify that as students should make an effort to attend MDT pull togetherings to develop IP.I have used pseudonyms throughout my reflective commentary, to protect confidentiality in accordance with the Data pr otection Act (1998) and the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2009). I will refer to the patient as surface-to-air missile.Sam is a 74 year old lady who lives alone(predicate) in a ground floor flat. Sam has no family living locally however her neighbour visits regularly. Sam suffers from Chronic Heart Failure (CHF). previous to admission Sam was fully independent at house cooping with her Activities of Daily living (ADLs) with slight difficulty due to breathing and poor balance (which Sam reported to suffering from for years). Sam was originally brought into hospital via accident and emergency by her neighbour as her breathing became progressively worse.There are numerous potential models of reflection. I will use Gibbs (1988) Model of Reflection (Appendix 1) as I find it more straightforward due to being depicted as a cycle, encouraging critical evaluation and analysis of the incident. Cyclical models are suggested by Ghaye (1998) to deepen awareness and increase knowledge an d skilfulness from repeated movements around them.Reflection will able me to learn from the experience and identify my learning needs in areas which solicit improvements (Allen, et al., 2008). As suggested by Price (2006) Reflection makes a linkup between theory, policies and practice required to develop evidence-based practice, professional and academic growth throughout my career chief(prenominal) in the development of lifelong learning (NMC (2009). interpretationThe MDT group meeting was held at the sisters office. The MDT consisted of a Ward Nurse (who was there intermittently due to staff aims), a Heart Failure Nurse Specialist (HFNS). Care Manager (Social Worker), Physiotherapist, Occupational Therapist, Doctor (Cardiologist Register) and myself. The meeting was led by the Doctor who gave an introductory overview of the Sams hearty situation and medical condition. The Doctor recommended that Sam was medically train for discharge with a referral for HFNS community visits, as further wellness education was necessary. The physiotherapist suggested Sam was re deducting confidence in her mobility but recommended further arousal to improve Sams balance and posture. The ward Nurse suggested Sams Nursing needs were stable and no input was required on discharged, upon this, I respectively argued that Sam discussed with myself primitively in the shift that she mat she was non coping at home and would feel more confident if she had minimal assistance with her ADLs at home. The Doctor re-directed the psyche to the HFNS, who re-directed the question to the Ward Nurse, both dismissing my input. At this point I respectfully assured the MDT that what I was advocating, it was also documented in Sam care plan. Subsequently, The HFNS put across Sams discharge planning to be discussed in a second meeting.. Following to this, The Occupational Therapist recommended she would liaise with Sam regarding any house equipment that would facilitate Sams ADLs. The social worker (Care manager) who would be coordinating all stages of Sams journey through hospital, up to and beyond discharge, organise contingent (i) care (ii) meals on wheels. The Doctor summarised the MDT plan and scheduled the meeting for 2 days to allow professionals to liaise with Sam in order to evaluate the discharge planning in partnership with Sam. Doctor was reluctant to reschedule and to change Sams expected day of discharge (EDD), it seemed. In the follow up MDT meeting, Sam was medically moderate for discharge, her it seemed, had improved, as had her slightly her confidence but she could shut away benefit from further rehabilitation therefore, Sam was referred to Intermediate Care Services (ICS) (Appendix 2) for further rehabilitation in the community, with out-patient medical follow up and HFNS home visits.FeelingsWhen I asked my Mentor to attend the MDT meeting, I was excited as I was going to be able to see how the IPW provides a positive outcome for the patients. Sli ghtly loathsome but ready to be a Patient advocate. Soon it dawned on me when I was introduced to other professionals and given opportunities to work with them and I felt slightly equivocal at the thought of having to expose myself to the criticisms of others. When Discussing Sams DP I commented on her behalf the feeling of slight insecurity was soon overpowered by a feeling of achievement as I was in a position to be her advocate appropriately and contribute in making a difference to her life for better. This feeling overpowered the shuttled foiling I felt when the Doctors dismissed initially my input but understandable due to my still pre-reg position, he needed reassurance as this input was going to change Sam EDD. As the meeting was lead by the Doctor I had inadvertently imposed a sense of pecking order upon the group. I soon felt that the hierarchy, even after the incident above, was not actually evident once a patient DP was being discussed as every professional was having a say and all professional seemed to understand distributively others responsibilities, roles and the documentation used involved all MDT input. I felt that through the discussions each professionals identify was gain and respect was given accordingly, although, I considered there was possibility of gaining a professional personality stereotypes and therefore ultimately a hierarchy may develop in future group meetings. By the end of it, I still felt slightly daunted to be in a MDT meeting working with professionals who knew so much (i) HFNS who developed their careers to a point of extreme knowledge, it overwhelmed me, that I am still just in the beginning of an extraordinary journey.EvaluationIn accordance to Holland, et al. (2005) and Gonseth, et al. (2004) Heart Failure Nurse Specialist (HFNS) input was fundamental as HF patients as Sam require close clinical attention and rise to manage their symptoms in order to remain in the community (James and Sarah, 2008). moreover, Blu e, at al. (2001) randomised controlled trial suggested that HFN have the ability to focus not only on the clinical needs of the patient, but the educational and supportive needs as well as establishing effective liaison between health and social care. Although HFNS is important in the provision of Sams Good Health in the community, without front line staff (i) ward defy to document appropriately and report to the appropriate professional and act as an advocate for patients in meeting such this, the provision of IP working and Safe Discharge Planning would be compromised (Atwal and Caldwel (2006).Record holding was to be commended as the Discharge planning Form (DPF) (Appendix 3) was filled in from admission and updated regularly by Sams Multidisciplinary team regarding assessment, planning, and implementation and evaluation goals specific to each professional to establish safe discharge. Effective record keeping is the key factor to effective care and continuation of care of Patie nt and a cannisteron of Conduct requirement for excellence practice and care (NMC, 2009).The Community Rehabilitation/Intermediate Care Services (ICS) Appendix 3. Referral was suggested appropriately in order to meet Sams needs, in accordance with the DoH (2001a, 2001b) agrees that ICS establishes IP working and avoids duplication, enhances communication and allows each team member to view and check the patient notes at all times. Furthermore Godfrey, et al, (2005) suggests that it enhances Holistic care. According to Leathard and Cook (2009) Sams care could be considered Holistic as her physical, psychological, sociological, spiritual needs were addressed, and Sams views were considered alongside any recommendations offered by all the different multi-disciplinary teams in a mutual participation in a shared decision-making partnership. With changes in Nhs such as patient-centred care (DoH, 1998), and the establishment of sophisticated holistic approach to health and social care, o ne of the key features of Sams patient centred care is the development andimplementation of integrated care pathways (ii) collaborative care plans such ICS, providing Sam with a tenaciousness of care.MDT meeting structure seemed to reflect The DoH (1998) in its drive for a initial class service as staff seemed to clear understands of how their own roles fit with others in both the health and social care professions. Although, Role Clarity was predominant and significant, the Status caused distress within the MDT it made some members feel their opinions are not as important as others (Robinson, et al., 2005). Furthermore, at certain points of the discussion the blurring of the boundaries of ones discipline Ward Nurse and (HFSN) (i) Doctor redirected the question about Sam to the HFSN first instead of the ward Nurse. I agree with Molyneux (2001) is a factor that may create a competitive atmosphere rather than a collaborative one. In addition to the group dynamics, the situation of S am needing care set up also highlighted the tension between professionals and in a sense organizational aims and resources. abstractThe DoH (2000, 2006) stressed the need for team working to helping rove the quality of care to patients and encourage role development to meet the demands of IP working. (i) Registered nurse specialists are expanding their roles and skills in numerous clinical areas (DoH 1999, 2006) due to patients diversity of needs in todays society (Furlong and Smith, 2005). According to DoH (2000, 2003) and the National Institute of Clinical excellency (NICE) (2003) Heart failure care and management is one of this areas which had an increase in nurse specialists (HFNS) in a broad evaluation by Patterden, et al., (2008) which showed that HFNS reduced (i) all-cause admissions by an average of 35 per cent an average saving of 1,826 per patient is gained after the costs of the nurse have been deducted. Furthermore, a systematic review by Holland, et al., (2005) argues t hat HFNS management of HF associated with (reducing readmissions, improving patients quality of life, Like Sam and reducing financial costs is more efficient compared with medical management. In outcome, Hewison (2004) and Abbot, et al., (2005) agreed that although the development of roles and increase flexibility is commonly a benefit to manyprofessions, it can be seen as a threat for their own interest and power status, generating a subway to IP collaborations. Moreover according to Molyneux (2001) a tribalism sense. This is normally the professional at the top of the hierarchy (i) as when the doctor was resistant to move the EED. Furthermore, as cold back as 1998 when (DoH, 1998) was published, Stapleton (1998) suggested that Collaborative working emphasis that demarcations and hierarchical relations between professions are neither sustainable nor appropriate. Although, in Sams MDT it was apparent in symmetry with Hean (2006) my preliminary feelings of hierarchy are common an d traditionally hierarchies place more power to the medical profession. The tension seemed in a way to be get the hang through the structured but open discussion regarding Sams needs which according to Freeth (2001) open discussion helps develop the team and recognise the benefits and the diversity and development of skills. Martin and Roger (2004) highlight that it is important to premise a clear understanding and appreciation not just for the roles but also for the pressures of other professionals (i) performance targets to meet.The Qualitative methodology questionnaire led interviews and focus group (18 cases studiers across Europe) by Coxon (2005) suggestion that IP working promotes job satisfaction, improved team working, good communication and enhance co-operation with other agencies, and identifies IP difficulties to be due to organizational boundaries and financial limits. Additionally, Hubbard and Themessi-Huber (2005) used the same method as Coxon (2005) although he ident ified that a main difficulty to IP is managers counselling on policies and changes of services arranging MDT meeting whilst front line staff, as ward nurses need to adapt to practicalities of the IP. Atwal, and Caldwell (2006) argues the importance of staff ratios as a obstacle to nurses developing IP practices, furthermore a look at carried by both with nineteen nurses in acute health care ward, it is spotted that in MDT meetings not all the professionals involved in the care of a patient are invited and that nurses did not regularly attend the meetings due to staff ratios. Another conclusion of this study is that nurses not always express their opinion for fear of being made a scapegoat, the result from the research show as well, that consultants and medical staff usually speak first and with more confidence on all matters. In divergence, Barrett and Keeping (2005) argues that collaborative working should minimise staff pressures from a ward level tocommunity (primary and seco ndary setting) but research done within this Era of IPW still shows that at a nursing level in a 2005 reexamine by RCN (2006) found that 49% of nurses left the NHS due to stress/workload problems. Horder (2004) and Pullon and Fry (2005) goes further to suggest to overcome the work pressure, shared decision making is the ultimate hallmark of partnership and this requires distribution of power or the empowerment of all involved within the multidisciplinary professionals in a manner that would equalize the hierarchy through (i) through IPE. It is essential that health and social care professionals realise the important of IPW as it has now been recognised that a single profession can no longer deliver the complex patient care that is demanded nowadays, a holistic approach is required (CAIPE, 2007). Rattay and Mehanna, (2008) suggest in summary that structured MDT meeting provides the discharge process with a structure that is organised professionally and timely, allowing patients to r eturn home earlier safely, consequently reducing the NHS cost, minimising the risk of hospital acquired infections, promoting independence and enabling patients to return back to their homes and community, like Sam. Lack of co-operation between agencies has led to a failure of service (Glasby, et al., 2004).Communication within the team is also an important issue to good collaborative working, developing ways to communicate and to work together is the key for successful IP working (Abbott, et al., 2005). The NMC (2004) advises that at the point of registration students should have the necessary skills to communicate effectively with colleagues and other departments to improve patient care. Cook, et al., (2004) identify that communication and decision making are very important for teams. Larking and Callaghan (2005) argue that teams who do not regularly hold meetings for policy making and resolutions of differences, should not be considered a team, these findings are also emphasized by Molyneux (2001) who states that communication is supported with periodic MDT meetings in order to evaluate and plan patient centred care delivery.ConclusionThis reflective commentary allows me to connect policies, NMC requirements, theory and practice. It provided me with the assurance that the dimensions of IPW is complex but possible in practice IPE exists. It highlighted that different professionals have to deal with their own perceptions and adapt to changes. There is no doubt that IPW promotes a better and more holistic care and the documentation in place promotes further patient-centered care. The MDT gave me the opportunity to work closely with other professionals and understanding further their roles. This will help me to effectively work together in the future.Action PlanI will allocate the Action Plans in my professional portfolio to demonstrate achievement in clinical practice cerebrate with theoretical knowledge. All my Action Plan are made SMART Specific, Measurabl e, Achievable, Realistic and Time (Drew and Bingham, 2004)1. Inter-Professional To develop an awareness of the roles and services provided in the inter-professional team and identify examples of how this is appropriate in delivering appropriate patient/client focused care. 2. Enhance my knowledge about decision-making processes within care management 3. Continue to reflect in and on Practice therefore to participate in further process of reflection to establish my own learning needs (Appendix 4).

The Information Technological Human Resources Management Techniques Commerce Essay

The info Technological Human Resources Management Techniques Commerce EssayThe entropy engineering science in piece resources worry action, leave behind be helpful for the re-definition and optimizing clement resources focal point exertion flow.This also raises the break awaying efficiency, improves the grade of service, and thus increasing the study and passe-partout human resources focusing platforms productivity. Certainly, in as much as information engineering has contributed to the growth of human resource commission, it is also master(prenominal) to highlight that human resource focussing will continually to grow in all ramification.But the information technology also to a certain(prenominal) extent steady developed certain function for the human resources.This investigate will analyze all aspect of the usage of technology in human resource management and how opportunities are unagitated thither to aid the advance of human resource.LITERATURE REVIEWUndersta nding of HRMDe Cenzo and Robbins (1996 p8) defined HRM as the part of the organization that is concerned with the people as a whole and renders support in all aspect to them. Sequel to this, is the definition given by Bratton and Gold (2003 p7), that HRM is the strategic approach to managing employment relations with accent to the capability of the employees so as to sustain competitive edge. Lastly, Alan Price (2004 p32) gave a rather accurate HRMs definition as that part of the organization responsible for recruiting capable, high-voltage and committed people, so as to manage and reward their efforts which will lead to competencies for the organization.The most cardinal part of the organization is human resource management. Having a human resource management is not rightful(prenominal) the event but having an trenchant one tat is able to align the organization goals into action is the most important thing. Finding revealed by Evan et al (2002) shows that human resource manag ement is a core part and addition of any organization because it is very important in the sustaining of business success. Cross (2000), shows that human resource management inter-connects all people in the management and development of the organization. Likewise, human resource management is the driving furiousness of the organization.According to the business dictionary, human resource management is defined as an administrative activity associated with planning, recruitment, selection motivation as well as underdeveloped people through work. (http//www.businessdictionary.com)Information technology on the other hand takes a proactive definition which looks at theToday, human resource management is nowadays faced by many problems which is fast making it less effective in many ways.PRESENCE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN HRMThe importance of technology cant be ignored wisely because of the many advantages it gives to employees as well as the general success it provides for human res ource management which equally translates to the overall organizational structure in a positive way. Information technology, by no doubt has helped to value the workforce as a relevant asset that defines the overall organizations culture and philosophy.The use of information technology in human resource management can be seen visibly in the mode and operation of human resource management. Today, the training and selection method is done via the use of information technology and this is fast making the overall exhibit more effective than ever as a whole. Jerman-Blazic, (1996) stated that the use of internet and information technology offers much quicker access to latest scientific and technological innovations of the companies and question institution. This particular true because human resource will continually pay attention to transformation of employees in the organization just as technology would be driving tool to accompany this objective. Acquiring and gathering fresh knowled ge whether supplementary or existing ones can only be attained via information that is technological in nature. Further to this, this researcher feels that information technology offer awareness and it is the driving force of changes as well. This observation can be seen by the research conducted by Lindstrom, Moberg Rapp (1997) which saysWith Internet and (more broadly) Information-and-Communications-Technology (ICT) development in the full swing for the last two decades, organizations have been provided with a whole range of new possibilities for playing work and structuring organizationIn another review, new technology may also be required for implementing a low cost strategy if the technology can improve efficiency (Mondy, Noe Premeaux 1999, p148).The adoption of information technology assists closely in the cost analysis of any intending project that the human resource is childbed since there are improved efficiency in all ramification. The process of human resource plannin g requires some level of technological application which will be incorporated into the overall strategic carrying out of the company. Mondy, Noe Premeaux (1999) also concluded that aligning information technology to human resource management supports the overall implementation of plan as well as conducting analysis.Likewise, in time and labor management, the use of information technology cant be ignored because it is advantageous. IT enables the gathering and application of employee time and work information. It enables the tracking of employee in a scientific way that allows for easy analysis. It also enable human resource managers or senior military force to know which employee is actually performing and the ones that are not performing and show improvement. Druckers work (2001) also added to this view by supporting that IT tracks employees performance.. It is a known fact that many organization differ in their approach to human resource planning and practices.E-HRM IN THE TODA Y ORGANIZATIONErnst finds that electronic human resource management (e-HRM) is a web-based tool to automate and support HR processes. The implementation of e-HRM is an opportunity to delegate the data entry to the employees. eHRM facilitates the usage of HR marketplaces (e-recruitment) and offers more self-service to the employees (http//www.thestep.gr)The pack to gather and have conceptual knowledge in this modern world is fast becoming a necessity and thus the adoption and use of information technology in human resource is no longer a new thing. When human resource and information technology are brought together, we see that there formulation leads to what we call e-HRM. A term used to denote the adoption of information technology in the human resource management department or policies.Information technology and human resource management is now known as e-HRM (Zhang Wang). IT has brought about revolution in organization through the adoption just as firms are now having corporate website which is now shifting the manual form of doing job to the computerized one such that mistake are eliminated to the minimal level. Consequently, the process of hiring new employees has been c planetary houseenging and quite tasking. Tim Knox, in his article entitled skilled strategies for hiring best employees suggests the use of information technology of hiring potential candidates to the job. The traditional view should be discarded and give way to the claims of Tim. Today, many companies through the human resource department are now employing employee through the Internet and other technological means. This is constituent to reduce the demanding circle of having to be so physically in all the process that requires attentions. Kanungos (2006) work can be used to support this argument as he labelled out that IT is so relevant and important also in the profit accumulation of the company. Knowledge management is very crucial and important for gathering knowledge that will b e useful in all ramifications and surfaces of the organization. Since human resource department works with all departments, there is a destiny to actualise that information technology is very essential and important as well.Likewise, recalling Jens et al (2010) work, one is able to see that HRIS and eHRM is used only at the professional and bureaucracy level. This view is thus misleading because not all human resource managements are operating at the bureaucracy level. Supporting this claim is the work of Mukama (2003). HRIS would only benefit the organization and has nothing to do with bureaucracy.CONCLUSIONInformation technology in human resource management plays a major section not only by the usage but also by the implementation and evaluation. It is a know fact that IT has helped to move human resource management forward to a level in which organizational activities are now less demanding and easy to use. There is now a pressing need to understand the role and use of informa tion technology in all aspect of the organization as well. This is because many literature reviews on this research topic pore on information technology in the overall organizational context while others centre on Human resource information system (HRIS) and e-HRM. The human resource management has more than enough functions and thus the use of information technology should applies researchers on this topic should bear this on their mind always.This research focused on all areas that information technology is making impact in the human resource management, however, there is still a need to further research on impact of IT in developing nation as it is obvious that are not adjusting fast to this trend.Word counts excluding references 1,589.BIBILIOGRAPHY REFERENCESDe Cenzo David A. and Robbins Stephen P. (1996) Human Resource Management fifth edn, John Wiley Sons Inc, CanadaBratton John and Gold Jeffrey (2003) Human Resource Management Theory and practices, 3rd edn, Palgrave Macmil lan, LondonAlan Price (2004) Human Resource Management in a Business Context, second edition, John Wiley Sons Inc, CanadaEvans, P, Pucik, V, and Barsoux, JL (2002)The Global Challenge. Frameworks forInternational Human Resource Management, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New YorkCross, E (2000) Managing Diversity-The Courage to Lead, Quorum Books, Westpoint, CT, USABusiness dictionary.com human resource managementhttp//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/human-resource-management-HRM.html. Accessed on 10th October 2010Jerman Blazic, B. (1996). Internet. Ljubljana Novi ForumLindstrom, J, Moberg A. Rapp B. (1997), On the classification of telework. European Journal of Information Systems 6, pp. 243-255.Mondy RW, Noe RM Premeaux SR(1999) Human resource management 7th edn Prentice hall international, USAKanungo, RP (2006) Cross culture and business practice are they coterminous or cross-verging?Cross Cultural Management An International Journal, 13 1, 23-31Drucker, P. (2001). The Essential Druc ker, Butterworh-Heinemann Oxford, UKZhang, Li1 Wang, Hong, thinking(a) information processing in human resource management an implementation case in China Blackwell Publishing Expert Systems, Volume 23, Number 5, November 2006 , pp. 356-369(14).Tim Knox expert strategies for hiring best employees Mamahttp//www.timknox.com/amazon. Accessed on 23rd October 2010Ernst Biesalski knowledge management and e-human resource managementhttp//www.thestep.gr/trainmor/dat/%7B0aa92187-62c6-4b0e-ad94-c71652d05db8%7D/article.pdf. Accessed on 24th October 2010Jens Kaasbll and Marlen Stacey Chawani, Gro Alice Hamre Jon Sandvand Competencies and Learning for Management, Information Systems Journal of Information, Information Technology, and Organizations Volume 5, 2010Mukama, F. (2003). A study of health information systems at local levels in Tanzania and Mozambique.Improving the use and management of information in health districts. Unpublished Master, University of Oslo, Oslo.

A Comparison of Practical and Principled Nonviolent Action Theories Ess

A Comparison of Practical and Principled Nonviolent Action Theories knowledgeablenessThe phrase nonviolent action brings to mind a wide variety of sometimes conflicting images. The image of a Chinese student at Tiananmen consecutive standing in the way of a tank was portrayed around the world, on with the stories of those who were shot and run over by those tanks. Indian participants pressed forrad undauntedly in columns and then in groups to the salt depot at Dharasana while being beaten back with clubs by police forces who were infuriated by the nonresistance of the people. soulfulness Danes sneaked onto the Nazi occupied airfields at night to sabotage their own planes to pr win over surfacet them from being used against the Allies and the Danish people. Polish workers during the Solidarity movement refused to vote even though it was illegal and succeeded in preventing the election of unwanted single ticket politicians. Though widely varied, these images all accurately represe nt nonviolent social change movements of the last century.Two theories have dominated the recorded history of the nonviolent social change movement as motivation for keeping the movements nonviolent realism and principle. A pragmatic approach has led to what is called practical nonviolent action--action based either on the lack of violent options or on the direct cogency of nonviolence. Action based on a theory of moral, ethical, or religious principles is known as principled nonviolent action. Both theories have motivated palmy campaigns and both have spawned actions in which the goals of the movement were not accomplished. A number of authors in recent years have carefully examined and articulated both theories along with the case studies of moveme... ... 1989.Douglas, James. Lightning East to West Jesus, Gandhi, and the nuclear age. current York Crossroad, 1983.Gandhi, Mahatma K. Satyagraha. Ahmedabad Navajivan Publishing House 1958.King, Mary. Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luthe r King Jr The Power of Nonviolent Action. Paris UNESCO Publishing, 1999. Powers, . Protest, Power and Change. Roberts, Adam. Civilian Resistance as National Defense. Schell, Orville. Children of Tiananmen. Rolling Stone. December 14-28, 1989 185-8+.Sharp, Gene. The Politics of Nonviolent Action volume 1. Boston P. Sargen, 1973. Touraine, Alain. Solidarity The Analysis of a Social Movement. New York Cambridge University Press, 1983.Walesa, Lech. A Way of Hope. New York H. Holt, 1987.Yi, Mu. Crisis at Tiananmen Reform and Reality in Modern China. San Francisco, CA China Books & Periodicals, c1989